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"""
PostgreSQL database backend for Django.
Requires psycopg 2: http://initd.org/projects/psycopg2
"""
import threading
import warnings
from django.conf import settings
from django.core.exceptions import ImproperlyConfigured
from django.db import connections
from django.db.backends.base.base import BaseDatabaseWrapper
from django.db.utils import DatabaseError as WrappedDatabaseError
from django.utils.functional import cached_property
from django.utils.safestring import SafeText
from django.utils.version import get_version_tuple
try:
import psycopg2 as Database
import psycopg2.extensions
import psycopg2.extras
except ImportError as e:
raise ImproperlyConfigured("Error loading psycopg2 module: %s" % e)
def psycopg2_version():
version = psycopg2.__version__.split(' ', 1)[0]
return get_version_tuple(version)
PSYCOPG2_VERSION = psycopg2_version()
if PSYCOPG2_VERSION < (2, 5, 4):
raise ImproperlyConfigured("psycopg2_version 2.5.4 or newer is required; you have %s" % psycopg2.__version__)
# Some of these import psycopg2, so import them after checking if it's installed.
from .client import DatabaseClient # NOQA isort:skip
from .creation import DatabaseCreation # NOQA isort:skip
from .features import DatabaseFeatures # NOQA isort:skip
from .introspection import DatabaseIntrospection # NOQA isort:skip
from .operations import DatabaseOperations # NOQA isort:skip
from .schema import DatabaseSchemaEditor # NOQA isort:skip
from .utils import utc_tzinfo_factory # NOQA isort:skip
psycopg2.extensions.register_adapter(SafeText, psycopg2.extensions.QuotedString)
psycopg2.extras.register_uuid()
# Register support for inet[] manually so we don't have to handle the Inet()
# object on load all the time.
INETARRAY_OID = 1041
INETARRAY = psycopg2.extensions.new_array_type(
(INETARRAY_OID,),
'INETARRAY',
psycopg2.extensions.UNICODE,
)
psycopg2.extensions.register_type(INETARRAY)
class DatabaseWrapper(BaseDatabaseWrapper):
vendor = 'postgresql'
display_name = 'PostgreSQL'
# This dictionary maps Field objects to their associated PostgreSQL column
# types, as strings. Column-type strings can contain format strings; they'll
# be interpolated against the values of Field.__dict__ before being output.
# If a column type is set to None, it won't be included in the output.
data_types = {
'AutoField': 'serial',
'BigAutoField': 'bigserial',
'BinaryField': 'bytea',
'BooleanField': 'boolean',
'CharField': 'varchar(%(max_length)s)',
'DateField': 'date',
'DateTimeField': 'timestamp with time zone',
'DecimalField': 'numeric(%(max_digits)s, %(decimal_places)s)',
'DurationField': 'interval',
'FileField': 'varchar(%(max_length)s)',
'FilePathField': 'varchar(%(max_length)s)',
'FloatField': 'double precision',
'IntegerField': 'integer',
'BigIntegerField': 'bigint',
'IPAddressField': 'inet',
'GenericIPAddressField': 'inet',
'NullBooleanField': 'boolean',
'OneToOneField': 'integer',
'PositiveIntegerField': 'integer',
'PositiveSmallIntegerField': 'smallint',
'SlugField': 'varchar(%(max_length)s)',
'SmallIntegerField': 'smallint',
'TextField': 'text',
'TimeField': 'time',
'UUIDField': 'uuid',
}
data_type_check_constraints = {
'PositiveIntegerField': '"%(column)s" >= 0',
'PositiveSmallIntegerField': '"%(column)s" >= 0',
}
operators = {
'exact': '= %s',
'iexact': '= UPPER(%s)',
'contains': 'LIKE %s',
'icontains': 'LIKE UPPER(%s)',
'regex': '~ %s',
'iregex': '~* %s',
'gt': '> %s',
'gte': '>= %s',
'lt': '< %s',
'lte': '<= %s',
'startswith': 'LIKE %s',
'endswith': 'LIKE %s',
'istartswith': 'LIKE UPPER(%s)',
'iendswith': 'LIKE UPPER(%s)',
}
# The patterns below are used to generate SQL pattern lookup clauses when
# the right-hand side of the lookup isn't a raw string (it might be an expression
# or the result of a bilateral transformation).
# In those cases, special characters for LIKE operators (e.g. \, *, _) should be
# escaped on database side.
#
# Note: we use str.format() here for readability as '%' is used as a wildcard for
# the LIKE operator.
pattern_esc = r"REPLACE(REPLACE(REPLACE({}, E'\\', E'\\\\'), E'%%', E'\\%%'), E'_', E'\\_')"
pattern_ops = {
'contains': "LIKE '%%' || {} || '%%'",
'icontains': "LIKE '%%' || UPPER({}) || '%%'",
'startswith': "LIKE {} || '%%'",
'istartswith': "LIKE UPPER({}) || '%%'",
'endswith': "LIKE '%%' || {}",
'iendswith': "LIKE '%%' || UPPER({})",
}
Database = Database
SchemaEditorClass = DatabaseSchemaEditor
# Classes instantiated in __init__().
client_class = DatabaseClient
creation_class = DatabaseCreation
features_class = DatabaseFeatures
introspection_class = DatabaseIntrospection
ops_class = DatabaseOperations
# PostgreSQL backend-specific attributes.
_named_cursor_idx = 0
def get_connection_params(self):
settings_dict = self.settings_dict
# None may be used to connect to the default 'postgres' db
if settings_dict['NAME'] == '':
raise ImproperlyConfigured(
"settings.DATABASES is improperly configured. "
"Please supply the NAME value.")
if len(settings_dict['NAME'] or '') > self.ops.max_name_length():
raise ImproperlyConfigured(
"The database name '%s' (%d characters) is longer than "
"PostgreSQL's limit of %d characters. Supply a shorter NAME "
"in settings.DATABASES." % (
settings_dict['NAME'],
len(settings_dict['NAME']),
self.ops.max_name_length(),
)
)
conn_params = {
'database': settings_dict['NAME'] or 'postgres',
**settings_dict['OPTIONS'],
}
conn_params.pop('isolation_level', None)
if settings_dict['USER']:
conn_params['user'] = settings_dict['USER']
if settings_dict['PASSWORD']:
conn_params['password'] = settings_dict['PASSWORD']
if settings_dict['HOST']:
conn_params['host'] = settings_dict['HOST']
if settings_dict['PORT']:
conn_params['port'] = settings_dict['PORT']
return conn_params
def get_new_connection(self, conn_params):
connection = Database.connect(**conn_params)
# self.isolation_level must be set:
# - after connecting to the database in order to obtain the database's
# default when no value is explicitly specified in options.
# - before calling _set_autocommit() because if autocommit is on, that
# will set connection.isolation_level to ISOLATION_LEVEL_AUTOCOMMIT.
options = self.settings_dict['OPTIONS']
try:
self.isolation_level = options['isolation_level']
except KeyError:
self.isolation_level = connection.isolation_level
else:
# Set the isolation level to the value from OPTIONS.
if self.isolation_level != connection.isolation_level:
connection.set_session(isolation_level=self.isolation_level)
return connection
def ensure_timezone(self):
if self.connection is None:
return False
conn_timezone_name = self.connection.get_parameter_status('TimeZone')
timezone_name = self.timezone_name
if timezone_name and conn_timezone_name != timezone_name:
with self.connection.cursor() as cursor:
cursor.execute(self.ops.set_time_zone_sql(), [timezone_name])
return True
return False
def init_connection_state(self):
self.connection.set_client_encoding('UTF8')
timezone_changed = self.ensure_timezone()
if timezone_changed:
# Commit after setting the time zone (see #17062)
if not self.get_autocommit():
self.connection.commit()
def create_cursor(self, name=None):
if name:
# In autocommit mode, the cursor will be used outside of a
# transaction, hence use a holdable cursor.
cursor = self.connection.cursor(name, scrollable=False, withhold=self.connection.autocommit)
else:
cursor = self.connection.cursor()
cursor.tzinfo_factory = utc_tzinfo_factory if settings.USE_TZ else None
return cursor
def chunked_cursor(self):
self._named_cursor_idx += 1
return self._cursor(
name='_django_curs_%d_%d' % (
# Avoid reusing name in other threads
threading.current_thread().ident,
self._named_cursor_idx,
)
)
def _set_autocommit(self, autocommit):
with self.wrap_database_errors:
self.connection.autocommit = autocommit
def check_constraints(self, table_names=None):
"""
Check constraints by setting them to immediate. Return them to deferred
afterward.
"""
self.cursor().execute('SET CONSTRAINTS ALL IMMEDIATE')
self.cursor().execute('SET CONSTRAINTS ALL DEFERRED')
def is_usable(self):
try:
# Use a psycopg cursor directly, bypassing Django's utilities.
self.connection.cursor().execute("SELECT 1")
except Database.Error:
return False
else:
return True
@property
def _nodb_connection(self):
nodb_connection = super()._nodb_connection
try:
nodb_connection.ensure_connection()
except (Database.DatabaseError, WrappedDatabaseError):
warnings.warn(
"Normally Django will use a connection to the 'postgres' database "
"to avoid running initialization queries against the production "
"database when it's not needed (for example, when running tests). "
"Django was unable to create a connection to the 'postgres' database "
"and will use the first PostgreSQL database instead.",
RuntimeWarning
)
for connection in connections.all():
if connection.vendor == 'postgresql' and connection.settings_dict['NAME'] != 'postgres':
return self.__class__(
{**self.settings_dict, 'NAME': connection.settings_dict['NAME']},
alias=self.alias,
)
return nodb_connection
@cached_property
def pg_version(self):
with self.temporary_connection():
return self.connection.server_version
@@ -0,0 +1,233 @@
from django.db.backends.base.introspection import (
BaseDatabaseIntrospection, FieldInfo, TableInfo,
)
from django.db.models.indexes import Index
class DatabaseIntrospection(BaseDatabaseIntrospection):
# Maps type codes to Django Field types.
data_types_reverse = {
16: 'BooleanField',
17: 'BinaryField',
20: 'BigIntegerField',
21: 'SmallIntegerField',
23: 'IntegerField',
25: 'TextField',
700: 'FloatField',
701: 'FloatField',
869: 'GenericIPAddressField',
1042: 'CharField', # blank-padded
1043: 'CharField',
1082: 'DateField',
1083: 'TimeField',
1114: 'DateTimeField',
1184: 'DateTimeField',
1186: 'DurationField',
1266: 'TimeField',
1700: 'DecimalField',
2950: 'UUIDField',
}
ignored_tables = []
def get_field_type(self, data_type, description):
field_type = super().get_field_type(data_type, description)
if description.default and 'nextval' in description.default:
if field_type == 'IntegerField':
return 'AutoField'
elif field_type == 'BigIntegerField':
return 'BigAutoField'
return field_type
def get_table_list(self, cursor):
"""Return a list of table and view names in the current database."""
cursor.execute("""
SELECT c.relname,
CASE WHEN {} THEN 'p' WHEN c.relkind IN ('m', 'v') THEN 'v' ELSE 't' END
FROM pg_catalog.pg_class c
LEFT JOIN pg_catalog.pg_namespace n ON n.oid = c.relnamespace
WHERE c.relkind IN ('f', 'm', 'p', 'r', 'v')
AND n.nspname NOT IN ('pg_catalog', 'pg_toast')
AND pg_catalog.pg_table_is_visible(c.oid)
""".format('c.relispartition' if self.connection.features.supports_table_partitions else 'FALSE'))
return [TableInfo(*row) for row in cursor.fetchall() if row[0] not in self.ignored_tables]
def get_table_description(self, cursor, table_name):
"""
Return a description of the table with the DB-API cursor.description
interface.
"""
# Query the pg_catalog tables as cursor.description does not reliably
# return the nullable property and information_schema.columns does not
# contain details of materialized views.
cursor.execute("""
SELECT
a.attname AS column_name,
NOT (a.attnotnull OR (t.typtype = 'd' AND t.typnotnull)) AS is_nullable,
pg_get_expr(ad.adbin, ad.adrelid) AS column_default
FROM pg_attribute a
LEFT JOIN pg_attrdef ad ON a.attrelid = ad.adrelid AND a.attnum = ad.adnum
JOIN pg_type t ON a.atttypid = t.oid
JOIN pg_class c ON a.attrelid = c.oid
JOIN pg_namespace n ON c.relnamespace = n.oid
WHERE c.relkind IN ('f', 'm', 'p', 'r', 'v')
AND c.relname = %s
AND n.nspname NOT IN ('pg_catalog', 'pg_toast')
AND pg_catalog.pg_table_is_visible(c.oid)
""", [table_name])
field_map = {line[0]: line[1:] for line in cursor.fetchall()}
cursor.execute("SELECT * FROM %s LIMIT 1" % self.connection.ops.quote_name(table_name))
return [
FieldInfo(
line.name,
line.type_code,
line.display_size,
line.internal_size,
line.precision,
line.scale,
*field_map[line.name],
)
for line in cursor.description
]
def get_sequences(self, cursor, table_name, table_fields=()):
cursor.execute("""
SELECT s.relname as sequence_name, col.attname
FROM pg_class s
JOIN pg_namespace sn ON sn.oid = s.relnamespace
JOIN pg_depend d ON d.refobjid = s.oid AND d.refclassid = 'pg_class'::regclass
JOIN pg_attrdef ad ON ad.oid = d.objid AND d.classid = 'pg_attrdef'::regclass
JOIN pg_attribute col ON col.attrelid = ad.adrelid AND col.attnum = ad.adnum
JOIN pg_class tbl ON tbl.oid = ad.adrelid
JOIN pg_namespace n ON n.oid = tbl.relnamespace
WHERE s.relkind = 'S'
AND d.deptype in ('a', 'n')
AND n.nspname = 'public'
AND tbl.relname = %s
""", [table_name])
return [
{'name': row[0], 'table': table_name, 'column': row[1]}
for row in cursor.fetchall()
]
def get_relations(self, cursor, table_name):
"""
Return a dictionary of {field_name: (field_name_other_table, other_table)}
representing all relationships to the given table.
"""
cursor.execute("""
SELECT c2.relname, a1.attname, a2.attname
FROM pg_constraint con
LEFT JOIN pg_class c1 ON con.conrelid = c1.oid
LEFT JOIN pg_class c2 ON con.confrelid = c2.oid
LEFT JOIN pg_attribute a1 ON c1.oid = a1.attrelid AND a1.attnum = con.conkey[1]
LEFT JOIN pg_attribute a2 ON c2.oid = a2.attrelid AND a2.attnum = con.confkey[1]
WHERE c1.relname = %s AND con.contype = 'f'
""", [table_name])
return {row[1]: (row[2], row[0]) for row in cursor.fetchall()}
def get_key_columns(self, cursor, table_name):
cursor.execute("""
SELECT kcu.column_name, ccu.table_name AS referenced_table, ccu.column_name AS referenced_column
FROM information_schema.constraint_column_usage ccu
LEFT JOIN information_schema.key_column_usage kcu
ON ccu.constraint_catalog = kcu.constraint_catalog
AND ccu.constraint_schema = kcu.constraint_schema
AND ccu.constraint_name = kcu.constraint_name
LEFT JOIN information_schema.table_constraints tc
ON ccu.constraint_catalog = tc.constraint_catalog
AND ccu.constraint_schema = tc.constraint_schema
AND ccu.constraint_name = tc.constraint_name
WHERE kcu.table_name = %s AND tc.constraint_type = 'FOREIGN KEY'
""", [table_name])
return cursor.fetchall()
def get_constraints(self, cursor, table_name):
"""
Retrieve any constraints or keys (unique, pk, fk, check, index) across
one or more columns. Also retrieve the definition of expression-based
indexes.
"""
constraints = {}
# Loop over the key table, collecting things as constraints. The column
# array must return column names in the same order in which they were
# created.
cursor.execute("""
SELECT
c.conname,
array(
SELECT attname
FROM unnest(c.conkey) WITH ORDINALITY cols(colid, arridx)
JOIN pg_attribute AS ca ON cols.colid = ca.attnum
WHERE ca.attrelid = c.conrelid
ORDER BY cols.arridx
),
c.contype,
(SELECT fkc.relname || '.' || fka.attname
FROM pg_attribute AS fka
JOIN pg_class AS fkc ON fka.attrelid = fkc.oid
WHERE fka.attrelid = c.confrelid AND fka.attnum = c.confkey[1]),
cl.reloptions
FROM pg_constraint AS c
JOIN pg_class AS cl ON c.conrelid = cl.oid
JOIN pg_namespace AS ns ON cl.relnamespace = ns.oid
WHERE ns.nspname = %s AND cl.relname = %s
""", ["public", table_name])
for constraint, columns, kind, used_cols, options in cursor.fetchall():
constraints[constraint] = {
"columns": columns,
"primary_key": kind == "p",
"unique": kind in ["p", "u"],
"foreign_key": tuple(used_cols.split(".", 1)) if kind == "f" else None,
"check": kind == "c",
"index": False,
"definition": None,
"options": options,
}
# Now get indexes
cursor.execute("""
SELECT
indexname, array_agg(attname ORDER BY arridx), indisunique, indisprimary,
array_agg(ordering ORDER BY arridx), amname, exprdef, s2.attoptions
FROM (
SELECT
c2.relname as indexname, idx.*, attr.attname, am.amname,
CASE
WHEN idx.indexprs IS NOT NULL THEN
pg_get_indexdef(idx.indexrelid)
END AS exprdef,
CASE am.amname
WHEN 'btree' THEN
CASE (option & 1)
WHEN 1 THEN 'DESC' ELSE 'ASC'
END
END as ordering,
c2.reloptions as attoptions
FROM (
SELECT *
FROM pg_index i, unnest(i.indkey, i.indoption) WITH ORDINALITY koi(key, option, arridx)
) idx
LEFT JOIN pg_class c ON idx.indrelid = c.oid
LEFT JOIN pg_class c2 ON idx.indexrelid = c2.oid
LEFT JOIN pg_am am ON c2.relam = am.oid
LEFT JOIN pg_attribute attr ON attr.attrelid = c.oid AND attr.attnum = idx.key
WHERE c.relname = %s
) s2
GROUP BY indexname, indisunique, indisprimary, amname, exprdef, attoptions;
""", [table_name])
for index, columns, unique, primary, orders, type_, definition, options in cursor.fetchall():
if index not in constraints:
basic_index = type_ == 'btree' and not index.endswith('_btree') and options is None
constraints[index] = {
"columns": columns if columns != [None] else [],
"orders": orders if orders != [None] else [],
"primary_key": primary,
"unique": unique,
"foreign_key": None,
"check": False,
"index": True,
"type": Index.suffix if basic_index else type_,
"definition": definition,
"options": options,
}
return constraints