import json import mimetypes import os import re import sys from copy import copy from functools import partial from http import HTTPStatus from importlib import import_module from io import BytesIO from urllib.parse import unquote_to_bytes, urljoin, urlparse, urlsplit from django.conf import settings from django.core.handlers.base import BaseHandler from django.core.handlers.wsgi import WSGIRequest from django.core.serializers.json import DjangoJSONEncoder from django.core.signals import ( got_request_exception, request_finished, request_started, ) from django.db import close_old_connections from django.http import HttpRequest, QueryDict, SimpleCookie from django.template import TemplateDoesNotExist from django.test import signals from django.test.utils import ContextList from django.urls import resolve from django.utils.encoding import force_bytes from django.utils.functional import SimpleLazyObject from django.utils.http import urlencode from django.utils.itercompat import is_iterable __all__ = ('Client', 'RedirectCycleError', 'RequestFactory', 'encode_file', 'encode_multipart') BOUNDARY = 'BoUnDaRyStRiNg' MULTIPART_CONTENT = 'multipart/form-data; boundary=%s' % BOUNDARY CONTENT_TYPE_RE = re.compile(r'.*; charset=([\w\d-]+);?') # Structured suffix spec: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6838#section-4.2.8 JSON_CONTENT_TYPE_RE = re.compile(r'^application\/(.+\+)?json') class RedirectCycleError(Exception): """The test client has been asked to follow a redirect loop.""" def __init__(self, message, last_response): super().__init__(message) self.last_response = last_response self.redirect_chain = last_response.redirect_chain class FakePayload: """ A wrapper around BytesIO that restricts what can be read since data from the network can't be seeked and cannot be read outside of its content length. This makes sure that views can't do anything under the test client that wouldn't work in real life. """ def __init__(self, content=None): self.__content = BytesIO() self.__len = 0 self.read_started = False if content is not None: self.write(content) def __len__(self): return self.__len def read(self, num_bytes=None): if not self.read_started: self.__content.seek(0) self.read_started = True if num_bytes is None: num_bytes = self.__len or 0 assert self.__len >= num_bytes, "Cannot read more than the available bytes from the HTTP incoming data." content = self.__content.read(num_bytes) self.__len -= num_bytes return content def write(self, content): if self.read_started: raise ValueError("Unable to write a payload after he's been read") content = force_bytes(content) self.__content.write(content) self.__len += len(content) def closing_iterator_wrapper(iterable, close): try: yield from iterable finally: request_finished.disconnect(close_old_connections) close() # will fire request_finished request_finished.connect(close_old_connections) def conditional_content_removal(request, response): """ Simulate the behavior of most Web servers by removing the content of responses for HEAD requests, 1xx, 204, and 304 responses. Ensure compliance with RFC 7230, section 3.3.3. """ if 100 <= response.status_code < 200 or response.status_code in (204, 304): if response.streaming: response.streaming_content = [] else: response.content = b'' if request.method == 'HEAD': if response.streaming: response.streaming_content = [] else: response.content = b'' return response class ClientHandler(BaseHandler): """ A HTTP Handler that can be used for testing purposes. Use the WSGI interface to compose requests, but return the raw HttpResponse object with the originating WSGIRequest attached to its ``wsgi_request`` attribute. """ def __init__(self, enforce_csrf_checks=True, *args, **kwargs): self.enforce_csrf_checks = enforce_csrf_checks super().__init__(*args, **kwargs) def __call__(self, environ): # Set up middleware if needed. We couldn't do this earlier, because # settings weren't available. if self._middleware_chain is None: self.load_middleware() request_started.disconnect(close_old_connections) request_started.send(sender=self.__class__, environ=environ) request_started.connect(close_old_connections) request = WSGIRequest(environ) # sneaky little hack so that we can easily get round # CsrfViewMiddleware. This makes life easier, and is probably # required for backwards compatibility with external tests against # admin views. request._dont_enforce_csrf_checks = not self.enforce_csrf_checks # Request goes through middleware. response = self.get_response(request) # Simulate behaviors of most Web servers. conditional_content_removal(request, response) # Attach the originating request to the response so that it could be # later retrieved. response.wsgi_request = request # Emulate a WSGI server by calling the close method on completion. if response.streaming: response.streaming_content = closing_iterator_wrapper( response.streaming_content, response.close) else: request_finished.disconnect(close_old_connections) response.close() # will fire request_finished request_finished.connect(close_old_connections) return response def store_rendered_templates(store, signal, sender, template, context, **kwargs): """ Store templates and contexts that are rendered. The context is copied so that it is an accurate representation at the time of rendering. """ store.setdefault('templates', []).append(template) if 'context' not in store: store['context'] = ContextList() store['context'].append(copy(context)) def encode_multipart(boundary, data): """ Encode multipart POST data from a dictionary of form values. The key will be used as the form data name; the value will be transmitted as content. If the value is a file, the contents of the file will be sent as an application/octet-stream; otherwise, str(value) will be sent. """ lines = [] def to_bytes(s): return force_bytes(s, settings.DEFAULT_CHARSET) # Not by any means perfect, but good enough for our purposes. def is_file(thing): return hasattr(thing, "read") and callable(thing.read) # Each bit of the multipart form data could be either a form value or a # file, or a *list* of form values and/or files. Remember that HTTP field # names can be duplicated! for (key, value) in data.items(): if value is None: raise TypeError( 'Cannot encode None as POST data. Did you mean to pass an ' 'empty string or omit the value?' ) elif is_file(value): lines.extend(encode_file(boundary, key, value)) elif not isinstance(value, str) and is_iterable(value): for item in value: if is_file(item): lines.extend(encode_file(boundary, key, item)) else: lines.extend(to_bytes(val) for val in [ '--%s' % boundary, 'Content-Disposition: form-data; name="%s"' % key, '', item ]) else: lines.extend(to_bytes(val) for val in [ '--%s' % boundary, 'Content-Disposition: form-data; name="%s"' % key, '', value ]) lines.extend([ to_bytes('--%s--' % boundary), b'', ]) return b'\r\n'.join(lines) def encode_file(boundary, key, file): def to_bytes(s): return force_bytes(s, settings.DEFAULT_CHARSET) # file.name might not be a string. For example, it's an int for # tempfile.TemporaryFile(). file_has_string_name = hasattr(file, 'name') and isinstance(file.name, str) filename = os.path.basename(file.name) if file_has_string_name else '' if hasattr(file, 'content_type'): content_type = file.content_type elif filename: content_type = mimetypes.guess_type(filename)[0] else: content_type = None if content_type is None: content_type = 'application/octet-stream' filename = filename or key return [ to_bytes('--%s' % boundary), to_bytes('Content-Disposition: form-data; name="%s"; filename="%s"' % (key, filename)), to_bytes('Content-Type: %s' % content_type), b'', to_bytes(file.read()) ] class RequestFactory: """ Class that lets you create mock Request objects for use in testing. Usage: rf = RequestFactory() get_request = rf.get('/hello/') post_request = rf.post('/submit/', {'foo': 'bar'}) Once you have a request object you can pass it to any view function, just as if that view had been hooked up using a URLconf. """ def __init__(self, *, json_encoder=DjangoJSONEncoder, **defaults): self.json_encoder = json_encoder self.defaults = defaults self.cookies = SimpleCookie() self.errors = BytesIO() def _base_environ(self, **request): """ The base environment for a request. """ # This is a minimal valid WSGI environ dictionary, plus: # - HTTP_COOKIE: for cookie support, # - REMOTE_ADDR: often useful, see #8551. # See https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-3333/#environ-variables return { 'HTTP_COOKIE': '; '.join(sorted( '%s=%s' % (morsel.key, morsel.coded_value) for morsel in self.cookies.values() )), 'PATH_INFO': '/', 'REMOTE_ADDR': '127.0.0.1', 'REQUEST_METHOD': 'GET', 'SCRIPT_NAME': '', 'SERVER_NAME': 'testserver', 'SERVER_PORT': '80', 'SERVER_PROTOCOL': 'HTTP/1.1', 'wsgi.version': (1, 0), 'wsgi.url_scheme': 'http', 'wsgi.input': FakePayload(b''), 'wsgi.errors': self.errors, 'wsgi.multiprocess': True, 'wsgi.multithread': False, 'wsgi.run_once': False, **self.defaults, **request, } def request(self, **request): "Construct a generic request object." return WSGIRequest(self._base_environ(**request)) def _encode_data(self, data, content_type): if content_type is MULTIPART_CONTENT: return encode_multipart(BOUNDARY, data) else: # Encode the content so that the byte representation is correct. match = CONTENT_TYPE_RE.match(content_type) if match: charset = match.group(1) else: charset = settings.DEFAULT_CHARSET return force_bytes(data, encoding=charset) def _encode_json(self, data, content_type): """ Return encoded JSON if data is a dict, list, or tuple and content_type is application/json. """ should_encode = JSON_CONTENT_TYPE_RE.match(content_type) and isinstance(data, (dict, list, tuple)) return json.dumps(data, cls=self.json_encoder) if should_encode else data def _get_path(self, parsed): path = parsed.path # If there are parameters, add them if parsed.params: path += ";" + parsed.params path = unquote_to_bytes(path) # Replace the behavior where non-ASCII values in the WSGI environ are # arbitrarily decoded with ISO-8859-1. # Refs comment in `get_bytes_from_wsgi()`. return path.decode('iso-8859-1') def get(self, path, data=None, secure=False, **extra): """Construct a GET request.""" data = {} if data is None else data return self.generic('GET', path, secure=secure, **{ 'QUERY_STRING': urlencode(data, doseq=True), **extra, }) def post(self, path, data=None, content_type=MULTIPART_CONTENT, secure=False, **extra): """Construct a POST request.""" data = self._encode_json({} if data is None else data, content_type) post_data = self._encode_data(data, content_type) return self.generic('POST', path, post_data, content_type, secure=secure, **extra) def head(self, path, data=None, secure=False, **extra): """Construct a HEAD request.""" data = {} if data is None else data return self.generic('HEAD', path, secure=secure, **{ 'QUERY_STRING': urlencode(data, doseq=True), **extra, }) def trace(self, path, secure=False, **extra): """Construct a TRACE request.""" return self.generic('TRACE', path, secure=secure, **extra) def options(self, path, data='', content_type='application/octet-stream', secure=False, **extra): "Construct an OPTIONS request." return self.generic('OPTIONS', path, data, content_type, secure=secure, **extra) def put(self, path, data='', content_type='application/octet-stream', secure=False, **extra): """Construct a PUT request.""" data = self._encode_json(data, content_type) return self.generic('PUT', path, data, content_type, secure=secure, **extra) def patch(self, path, data='', content_type='application/octet-stream', secure=False, **extra): """Construct a PATCH request.""" data = self._encode_json(data, content_type) return self.generic('PATCH', path, data, content_type, secure=secure, **extra) def delete(self, path, data='', content_type='application/octet-stream', secure=False, **extra): """Construct a DELETE request.""" data = self._encode_json(data, content_type) return self.generic('DELETE', path, data, content_type, secure=secure, **extra) def generic(self, method, path, data='', content_type='application/octet-stream', secure=False, **extra): """Construct an arbitrary HTTP request.""" parsed = urlparse(str(path)) # path can be lazy data = force_bytes(data, settings.DEFAULT_CHARSET) r = { 'PATH_INFO': self._get_path(parsed), 'REQUEST_METHOD': method, 'SERVER_PORT': '443' if secure else '80', 'wsgi.url_scheme': 'https' if secure else 'http', } if data: r.update({ 'CONTENT_LENGTH': str(len(data)), 'CONTENT_TYPE': content_type, 'wsgi.input': FakePayload(data), }) r.update(extra) # If QUERY_STRING is absent or empty, we want to extract it from the URL. if not r.get('QUERY_STRING'): # WSGI requires latin-1 encoded strings. See get_path_info(). query_string = parsed[4].encode().decode('iso-8859-1') r['QUERY_STRING'] = query_string return self.request(**r) class Client(RequestFactory): """ A class that can act as a client for testing purposes. It allows the user to compose GET and POST requests, and obtain the response that the server gave to those requests. The server Response objects are annotated with the details of the contexts and templates that were rendered during the process of serving the request. Client objects are stateful - they will retain cookie (and thus session) details for the lifetime of the Client instance. This is not intended as a replacement for Twill/Selenium or the like - it is here to allow testing against the contexts and templates produced by a view, rather than the HTML rendered to the end-user. """ def __init__(self, enforce_csrf_checks=False, **defaults): super().__init__(**defaults) self.handler = ClientHandler(enforce_csrf_checks) self.exc_info = None def store_exc_info(self, **kwargs): """Store exceptions when they are generated by a view.""" self.exc_info = sys.exc_info() @property def session(self): """Return the current session variables.""" engine = import_module(settings.SESSION_ENGINE) cookie = self.cookies.get(settings.SESSION_COOKIE_NAME) if cookie: return engine.SessionStore(cookie.value) session = engine.SessionStore() session.save() self.cookies[settings.SESSION_COOKIE_NAME] = session.session_key return session def request(self, **request): """ The master request method. Compose the environment dictionary and pass to the handler, return the result of the handler. Assume defaults for the query environment, which can be overridden using the arguments to the request. """ environ = self._base_environ(**request) # Curry a data dictionary into an instance of the template renderer # callback function. data = {} on_template_render = partial(store_rendered_templates, data) signal_uid = "template-render-%s" % id(request) signals.template_rendered.connect(on_template_render, dispatch_uid=signal_uid) # Capture exceptions created by the handler. exception_uid = "request-exception-%s" % id(request) got_request_exception.connect(self.store_exc_info, dispatch_uid=exception_uid) try: try: response = self.handler(environ) except TemplateDoesNotExist as e: # If the view raises an exception, Django will attempt to show # the 500.html template. If that template is not available, # we should ignore the error in favor of re-raising the # underlying exception that caused the 500 error. Any other # template found to be missing during view error handling # should be reported as-is. if e.args != ('500.html',): raise # Look for a signalled exception, clear the current context # exception data, then re-raise the signalled exception. # Also make sure that the signalled exception is cleared from # the local cache! if self.exc_info: _, exc_value, _ = self.exc_info self.exc_info = None raise exc_value # Save the client and request that stimulated the response. response.client = self response.request = request # Add any rendered template detail to the response. response.templates = data.get("templates", []) response.context = data.get("context") response.json = partial(self._parse_json, response) # Attach the ResolverMatch instance to the response response.resolver_match = SimpleLazyObject(lambda: resolve(request['PATH_INFO'])) # Flatten a single context. Not really necessary anymore thanks to # the __getattr__ flattening in ContextList, but has some edge-case # backwards-compatibility implications. if response.context and len(response.context) == 1: response.context = response.context[0] # Update persistent cookie data. if response.cookies: self.cookies.update(response.cookies) return response finally: signals.template_rendered.disconnect(dispatch_uid=signal_uid) got_request_exception.disconnect(dispatch_uid=exception_uid) def get(self, path, data=None, follow=False, secure=False, **extra): """Request a response from the server using GET.""" response = super().get(path, data=data, secure=secure, **extra) if follow: response = self._handle_redirects(response, data=data, **extra) return response def post(self, path, data=None, content_type=MULTIPART_CONTENT, follow=False, secure=False, **extra): """Request a response from the server using POST.""" response = super().post(path, data=data, content_type=content_type, secure=secure, **extra) if follow: response = self._handle_redirects(response, data=data, content_type=content_type, **extra) return response def head(self, path, data=None, follow=False, secure=False, **extra): """Request a response from the server using HEAD.""" response = super().head(path, data=data, secure=secure, **extra) if follow: response = self._handle_redirects(response, data=data, **extra) return response def options(self, path, data='', content_type='application/octet-stream', follow=False, secure=False, **extra): """Request a response from the server using OPTIONS.""" response = super().options(path, data=data, content_type=content_type, secure=secure, **extra) if follow: response = self._handle_redirects(response, data=data, content_type=content_type, **extra) return response def put(self, path, data='', content_type='application/octet-stream', follow=False, secure=False, **extra): """Send a resource to the server using PUT.""" response = super().put(path, data=data, content_type=content_type, secure=secure, **extra) if follow: response = self._handle_redirects(response, data=data, content_type=content_type, **extra) return response def patch(self, path, data='', content_type='application/octet-stream', follow=False, secure=False, **extra): """Send a resource to the server using PATCH.""" response = super().patch(path, data=data, content_type=content_type, secure=secure, **extra) if follow: response = self._handle_redirects(response, data=data, content_type=content_type, **extra) return response def delete(self, path, data='', content_type='application/octet-stream', follow=False, secure=False, **extra): """Send a DELETE request to the server.""" response = super().delete(path, data=data, content_type=content_type, secure=secure, **extra) if follow: response = self._handle_redirects(response, data=data, content_type=content_type, **extra) return response def trace(self, path, data='', follow=False, secure=False, **extra): """Send a TRACE request to the server.""" response = super().trace(path, data=data, secure=secure, **extra) if follow: response = self._handle_redirects(response, data=data, **extra) return response def login(self, **credentials): """ Set the Factory to appear as if it has successfully logged into a site. Return True if login is possible; False if the provided credentials are incorrect. """ from django.contrib.auth import authenticate user = authenticate(**credentials) if user: self._login(user) return True else: return False def force_login(self, user, backend=None): def get_backend(): from django.contrib.auth import load_backend for backend_path in settings.AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS: backend = load_backend(backend_path) if hasattr(backend, 'get_user'): return backend_path if backend is None: backend = get_backend() user.backend = backend self._login(user, backend) def _login(self, user, backend=None): from django.contrib.auth import login engine = import_module(settings.SESSION_ENGINE) # Create a fake request to store login details. request = HttpRequest() if self.session: request.session = self.session else: request.session = engine.SessionStore() login(request, user, backend) # Save the session values. request.session.save() # Set the cookie to represent the session. session_cookie = settings.SESSION_COOKIE_NAME self.cookies[session_cookie] = request.session.session_key cookie_data = { 'max-age': None, 'path': '/', 'domain': settings.SESSION_COOKIE_DOMAIN, 'secure': settings.SESSION_COOKIE_SECURE or None, 'expires': None, } self.cookies[session_cookie].update(cookie_data) def logout(self): """Log out the user by removing the cookies and session object.""" from django.contrib.auth import get_user, logout request = HttpRequest() engine = import_module(settings.SESSION_ENGINE) if self.session: request.session = self.session request.user = get_user(request) else: request.session = engine.SessionStore() logout(request) self.cookies = SimpleCookie() def _parse_json(self, response, **extra): if not hasattr(response, '_json'): if not JSON_CONTENT_TYPE_RE.match(response.get('Content-Type')): raise ValueError( 'Content-Type header is "{0}", not "application/json"' .format(response.get('Content-Type')) ) response._json = json.loads(response.content.decode(), **extra) return response._json def _handle_redirects(self, response, data='', content_type='', **extra): """ Follow any redirects by requesting responses from the server using GET. """ response.redirect_chain = [] redirect_status_codes = ( HTTPStatus.MOVED_PERMANENTLY, HTTPStatus.FOUND, HTTPStatus.SEE_OTHER, HTTPStatus.TEMPORARY_REDIRECT, HTTPStatus.PERMANENT_REDIRECT, ) while response.status_code in redirect_status_codes: response_url = response.url redirect_chain = response.redirect_chain redirect_chain.append((response_url, response.status_code)) url = urlsplit(response_url) if url.scheme: extra['wsgi.url_scheme'] = url.scheme if url.hostname: extra['SERVER_NAME'] = url.hostname if url.port: extra['SERVER_PORT'] = str(url.port) # Prepend the request path to handle relative path redirects path = url.path if not path.startswith('/'): path = urljoin(response.request['PATH_INFO'], path) if response.status_code in (HTTPStatus.TEMPORARY_REDIRECT, HTTPStatus.PERMANENT_REDIRECT): # Preserve request method post-redirect for 307/308 responses. request_method = getattr(self, response.request['REQUEST_METHOD'].lower()) else: request_method = self.get data = QueryDict(url.query) content_type = None response = request_method(path, data=data, content_type=content_type, follow=False, **extra) response.redirect_chain = redirect_chain if redirect_chain[-1] in redirect_chain[:-1]: # Check that we're not redirecting to somewhere we've already # been to, to prevent loops. raise RedirectCycleError("Redirect loop detected.", last_response=response) if len(redirect_chain) > 20: # Such a lengthy chain likely also means a loop, but one with # a growing path, changing view, or changing query argument; # 20 is the value of "network.http.redirection-limit" from Firefox. raise RedirectCycleError("Too many redirects.", last_response=response) return response