BachelorThesis/BachelorThesis/Writing/Literatur_BA.bib

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@proceedings{.07.07.201511.07.2015,
 year = {07.07.2015 - 11.07.2015},
 title = {2015 IEEE International Conference on Advanced Intelligent Mechatronics (AIM)},
 publisher = {IEEE},
 isbn = {978-1-4673-9107-8}
}


@proceedings{.08.10.201209.10.2012,
 year = {08.10.2012 - 09.10.2012},
 title = {2012 International Conference on Emerging Technologies},
 publisher = {IEEE},
 isbn = {978-1-4673-4451-7}
}


@proceedings{.12.05.200917.05.2009,
 year = {12.05.2009 - 17.05.2009},
 title = {2009 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation},
 publisher = {IEEE},
 isbn = {978-1-4244-2788-8}
}


@proceedings{.12.10.200714.10.2007,
 year = {12.10.2007 - 14.10.2007},
 title = {2007 Joint Meeting of the 6th International Symposium on Noninvasive Functional Source Imaging of the Brain and Heart and the International Conference on Functional Biomedical Imaging},
 publisher = {IEEE},
 isbn = {978-1-4244-0948-8}
}


@book{.2019,
 year = {2019},
 title = {2019 International Conference on Indoor Positioning and Indoor Navigation: 30 September-3 October 2019, Pisa, Italy},
 address = {[Piscataway, NJ]},
 publisher = {IEEE},
 isbn = {978-1-7281-1788-1},
 file = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1145743131}
}


@proceedings{.21.04.201424.04.2014,
 year = {21.04.2014 - 24.04.2014},
 title = {2014 IEEE Ninth International Conference on Intelligent Sensors, Sensor Networks and Information Processing (ISSNIP)},
 publisher = {IEEE},
 isbn = {978-1-4799-2843-9}
}


@proceedings{.25.08.201529.08.2015,
 year = {25.08.2015 - 29.08.2015},
 title = {2015 37th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC)},
 publisher = {IEEE},
 isbn = {978-1-4244-9271-8}
}


@proceedings{.29thAugust1stSeptember2005,
 year = {29th August - 1st September 2005},
 title = {Proceedings of the 2005 European Conference on Circuit Theory and Design, 2005},
 publisher = {IEEE},
 isbn = {0-7803-9066-0}
}


@proceedings{.30.05.200831.05.2008,
 year = {30.05.2008 - 31.05.2008},
 title = {2008 International Conference on Technology and Applications in Biomedicine},
 publisher = {IEEE},
 isbn = {978-1-4244-2254-8}
}


@proceedings{.30.09.201903.10.2019,
 year = {30.09.2019 - 03.10.2019},
 title = {2019 International Conference on Indoor Positioning and Indoor Navigation (IPIN)},
 publisher = {IEEE},
 isbn = {978-1-7281-1788-1},
 doi = {10.1109/IPIN46880.2019}
}


@proceedings{.30Oct.2Nov.1997,
 year = {30 Oct.-2 Nov. 1997},
 title = {Proceedings of the 19th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. 'Magnificent Milestones and Emerging Opportunities in Medical Engineering' (Cat. No.97CH36136)},
 publisher = {IEEE},
 isbn = {0-7803-4262-3}
}


@proceedings{.June21252004,
 year = {June 21-25,2004},
 title = {International Conference on Information Acquisition, 2004. Proceedings},
 publisher = {IEEE},
 isbn = {0-7803-8629-9}
}


@article{Albera.2008,
 abstract = {In this paper, a high-resolution method for solving potentially ill-posed inverse problems is proposed. This method named FO-D-MUSIC allows for localization of brain current sources with unconstrained orientations from surface electroencephalographic (EEG) or magnetoencephalographic (MEG) data using spherical or realistic head geometries. The FO-D-MUSIC method is based on the following: 1) the separability of the data transfer matrix as a function of location and orientation parameters, 2) the fourth-order (FO) virtual array theory, and 3) the deflation concept extended to FO statistics accounting for the presence of potentially but not completely statistically dependent sources. Computer results display the superiority of the FO-D-MUSIC approach in different situations (very closed sources, small number of electrodes, additive Gaussian noise with unknown spatial covariance, etc.) compared to classical algorithms.},
 author = {Albera, Laurent and Ferr{\'e}ol, Anne and Cosandier-Rim{\'e}l{\'e}, Delphine and Merlet, Isabelle and Wendling, Fabrice},
 year = {2008},
 title = {Brain source localization using a fourth-order deflation scheme},
 pages = {490--501},
 volume = {55},
 number = {2 Pt 1},
 journal = {IEEE transactions on bio-medical engineering},
 doi = {10.1109/TBME.2007.905408},
 file = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18269984},
 file = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2267684}
}


@article{Arciola.1999,
 author = {Arciola, Carla Renata and Montanaro, Lucio and Moroni, Antonio and Giordano, Michele and Pizzoferrato, Arturo and Donati, Maria Elena},
 year = {1999},
 title = {Hydroxyapatite-coated orthopaedic screws as infection resistant materials: in vitro study},
 pages = {323--327},
 volume = {20},
 number = {4},
 issn = {01429612},
 journal = {Biomaterials},
 doi = {10.1016/S0142-9612(98)00168-9}
}


@article{Baillet.2001,
 author = {Baillet, S. and Mosher, J. C. and Leahy, R. M.},
 year = {2001},
 title = {Electromagnetic brain mapping},
 pages = {14--30},
 volume = {18},
 number = {6},
 issn = {10535888},
 journal = {IEEE Signal Processing Magazine},
 doi = {10.1109/79.962275}
}


@article{Bale.2000,
 abstract = {OBJECT

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the use of the Vogele-Bale-Hohner (VBH) mouthpiece, which is attached to the patient's upper jaw by negative pressure, for patient-image registration and for tracking the patient's head during image-guided neurosurgery.

METHODS

A dynamic reference frame (DRF) is reproducibly mounted on the mouthpiece. Reference points, optimally distributed and attached to the mouthpiece, are used for registration in the patient's absence on the day before surgery. In the operating room, the mouthpiece and DRF are precisely repositioned using a vacuum, and the patient's anatomical structures are automatically registered to corresponding ones on the image. Experimental studies and clinical experiences in 10 patients confirmed repeated (rigid body) localization accuracy in the range of 0 to 2 mm, throughout the entire surgery despite movements by the patient.

CONCLUSIONS

Because of its noninvasive, rigid, reliable, and reproducible connection to the patient's head, the VBH vacuum-affixed mouthpiece grants the registration device an accuracy comparable to invasive fiducial markers.},
 author = {Bale, R. J. and Burtscher, J. and Eisner, W. and Obwegeser, A. A. and Rieger, M. and Sweeney, R. A. and Dessl, A. and Giacomuzzi, S. M. and Twerdy, K. and Jaschke, W.},
 year = {2000},
 title = {Computer-assisted neurosurgery by using a noninvasive vacuum-affixed dental cast that acts as a reference base: another step toward a unified approach in the treatment of brain tumors},
 pages = {208--213},
 volume = {93},
 number = {2},
 journal = {Journal of neurosurgery},
 doi = {10.3171/jns.2000.93.2.0208},
 file = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10930005}
}


@inproceedings{Beigel.29thAugust1stSeptember2005,
 author = {Beigel, M. and McGary, J.},
 title = {Accurate, real-time localization of subminiature inductive transponders: tumor localization as an example},
 pages = {173--176},
 publisher = {IEEE},
 isbn = {0-7803-9066-0},
 booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2005 European Conference on Circuit Theory and Design, 2005},
 year = {29th August - 1st September 2005},
 doi = {10.1109/ECCTD.2005.1523021},
 file = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/1523021/}
}


@article{Bouget.2017,
 abstract = {In recent years, tremendous progress has been made in surgical practice for example with Minimally Invasive Surgery (MIS). To overcome challenges coming from deported eye-to-hand manipulation, robotic and computer-assisted systems have been developed. Having real-time knowledge of the pose of surgical tools with respect to the surgical camera and underlying anatomy is a key ingredient for such systems. In this paper, we present a review of the literature dealing with vision-based and marker-less surgical tool detection. This paper includes three primary contributions: (1) identification and analysis of data-sets used for developing and testing detection algorithms, (2) in-depth comparison of surgical tool detection methods from the feature extraction process to the model learning strategy and highlight existing shortcomings, and (3) analysis of validation techniques employed to obtain detection performance results and establish comparison between surgical tool detectors. The papers included in the review were selected through PubMed and Google Scholar searches using the keywords: {\textquotedbl}surgical tool detection{\textquotedbl}, {\textquotedbl}surgical tool tracking{\textquotedbl}, {\textquotedbl}surgical instrument detection{\textquotedbl} and {\textquotedbl}surgical instrument tracking{\textquotedbl} limiting results to the year range 2000 2015. Our study shows that despite significant progress over the years, the lack of established surgical tool data-sets, and reference format for performance assessment and method ranking is preventing faster improvement.},
 author = {Bouget, David and Allan, Max and Stoyanov, Danail and Jannin, Pierre},
 year = {2017},
 title = {Vision-based and marker-less surgical tool detection and tracking: a review of the literature},
 pages = {633--654},
 volume = {35},
 journal = {Medical image analysis},
 doi = {10.1016/j.media.2016.09.003},
 file = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27744253}
}


@article{Bucholz.2001,
 abstract = {Image-guided surgery has become the standard of care for intracranial procedures. However, significant development is required before the benefits of this technology are brought to the majority of patients undergoing surgery. This article categorizes the areas wherein progress is needed, and indicates recent advances that may form the basis for the broad acceptance of this exciting technology. Emphasis is placed on a technique whereby preoperative imaging can be updated using low-resolution intraoperative imaging to reflect changes in anatomy caused by surgery, and on transforming image-guided surgery to information-guided therapy, in which diverse sources can be brought to bear at the time of greatest possible benefit, when the patient's anatomy is exposed for therapeutic intervention.},
 author = {Bucholz, R. D. and Smith, K. R. and Laycock, K. A. and McDurmont, L. L.},
 year = {2001},
 title = {Three-dimensional localization: from image-guided surgery to information-guided therapy},
 pages = {186--200},
 volume = {25},
 number = {2},
 issn = {1046-2023},
 journal = {Methods (San Diego, Calif.)},
 doi = {10.1006/meth.2001.1234},
 file = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11812205}
}


@article{Burchiel.2013,
 abstract = {OBJECT

In this prospective study the authors' objective was to evaluate the accuracy of deep brain stimulation (DBS) electrode placement using image guidance for direct anatomical targeting with intraoperative CT.

METHODS

Preoperative 3-T MR images were merged with intraoperative CT images for planning. Electrode targets were anatomical, based on the MR images. A skull-mounted NexFrame system was used for electrode placement, and all procedures were performed under general anesthesia. After electrode placement, intraoperative CT images were merged with trajectory planning images to calculate accuracy. Accuracy was assessed by both vector error and deviation off the planned trajectory.

RESULTS

Sixty patients (33 with Parkinson disease, 26 with essential tremor, and 1 with dystonia) underwent the procedure. Patient's mean age was 64 $\pm$ 9.5 years. Over an 18-month period, 119 electrodes were placed (all bilateral, except one). Electrode implant locations were the ventral intermediate nucleus (VIM), globus pallidus internus (GPI), and subthalamic nucleus (STN) in 25, 23, and 12 patients, respectively. Target accuracy measurements were as follows: mean vector error 1.59 $\pm$ 1.11 mm and mean deviation off trajectory 1.24 $\pm$ 0.87 mm. There was no statistically significant difference between the accuracy of left and right brain electrodes. There was a statistically significant (negative) correlation between the distance of the closest approach of the electrode trajectory to the ventricular wall of the lateral ventricle and vector error (r(2) = -0.339, p {\textless} 0.05, n = 76), and the deviation from the planned trajectory (r(2) = -0.325, p {\textless} 0.05, n = 77). Furthermore, when the distance from the electrode trajectory and the ventricular wall was {\textless} 4 mm, the correlation of the ventricular distance to the deviation from the planned trajectory was stronger (r(2) = -0.419, p = 0.05, n = 19). Electrodes placed in the GPI were significantly more accurate than those placed in the VIM (p {\textless} 0.05). Only 1 of 119 electrodes required intraoperative replacement due to a vector error {\textgreater} 3 mm. In this series there was one infection and no intraparenchymal hemorrhages.

CONCLUSIONS

Placement of DBS electrodes using an intraoperative CT scanner and the NexFrame achieves an accuracy that is at least comparable to other methods.},
 author = {Burchiel, Kim J. and McCartney, Shirley and Lee, Albert and Raslan, Ahmed M.},
 year = {2013},
 title = {Accuracy of deep brain stimulation electrode placement using intraoperative computed tomography without microelectrode recording},
 pages = {301--306},
 volume = {119},
 number = {2},
 journal = {Journal of neurosurgery},
 doi = {10.3171/2013.4.JNS122324},
 file = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23724986}
}


@article{Carpi.2010,
 author = {Carpi, Federico},
 year = {2010},
 title = {Magnetic capsule endoscopy: the future is around the corner},
 pages = {161--164},
 volume = {7},
 number = {2},
 journal = {Expert review of medical devices},
 doi = {10.1586/erd.10.3},
 file = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20214420}
}


@article{Ciuti.2011,
 abstract = {Wireless capsule endoscopy (WCE) can be considered an example of disruptive technology since it represents an appealing alternative to traditional diagnostic techniques. This technology enables inspection of the digestive system without discomfort or need for sedation, thus preventing the risks of conventional endoscopy, and has the potential of encouraging patients to undergo gastrointestinal (GI) tract examinations. However, currently available clinical products are passive devices whose locomotion is driven by natural peristalsis, with the drawback of failing to capture the images of important GI tract regions, since the doctor is unable to control the capsule's motion and orientation. To address these limitations, many research groups are working to develop active locomotion devices that allow capsule endoscopy to be performed in a totally controlled manner. This would enable the doctor to steer the capsule towards interesting pathological areas and to accomplish medical tasks. This review presents a research update on WCE and describes the state of the art of the basic modules of current swallowable devices, together with a perspective on WCE potential for screening, diagnostic, and therapeutic endoscopic procedures.},
 author = {Ciuti, Gastone and Menciassi, Arianna and Dario, Paolo},
 year = {2011},
 title = {Capsule endoscopy: from current achievements to open challenges},
 pages = {59--72},
 volume = {4},
 journal = {IEEE reviews in biomedical engineering},
 doi = {10.1109/RBME.2011.2171182},
 file = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22273791}
}


@article{Cleary.2010,
 abstract = {Image-guided interventions are medical procedures that use computer-based systems to provide virtual image overlays to help the physician precisely visualize and target the surgical site. This field has been greatly expanded by the advances in medical imaging and computing power over the past 20 years. This review begins with a historical overview and then describes the component technologies of tracking, registration, visualization, and software. Clinical applications in neurosurgery, orthopedics, and the cardiac and thoracoabdominal areas are discussed, together with a description of an evolving technology named Natural Orifice Transluminal Endoscopic Surgery (NOTES). As the trend toward minimally invasive procedures continues, image-guided interventions will play an important role in enabling new procedures, while improving the accuracy and success of existing approaches. Despite this promise, the role of image-guided systems must be validated by clinical trials facilitated by partnerships between scientists and physicians if this field is to reach its full potential.},
 author = {Cleary, Kevin and Peters, Terry M.},
 year = {2010},
 title = {Image-guided interventions: technology review and clinical applications},
 pages = {119--142},
 volume = {12},
 journal = {Annual review of biomedical engineering},
 doi = {10.1146/annurev-bioeng-070909-105249},
 file = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20415592}
}


@article{DiNatali.2016,
 author = {{Di Natali}, Christian and Beccani, Marco and Simaan, Nabil and Valdastri, Pietro},
 year = {2016},
 title = {Jacobian-Based Iterative Method for Magnetic Localization in Robotic Capsule Endoscopy},
 pages = {327--338},
 volume = {32},
 number = {2},
 issn = {1552-3098},
 journal = {IEEE Transactions on Robotics},
 doi = {10.1109/TRO.2016.2522433}
}


@article{Disegi.2000,
 author = {Disegi, J. A. and Eschbach, L.},
 year = {2000},
 title = {Stainless steel in bone surgery},
 pages = {D2-D6},
 volume = {31},
 issn = {00201383},
 journal = {Injury},
 doi = {10.1016/S0020-1383(00)80015-7}
}


@article{Dorward.2002,
 abstract = {A comparison study is presented, which examines the outcome, complications and cost of stereotactic brain biopsy performed with a frameless versus a frame-based method. The technique of frameless stereotactic biopsy has been shown previously, in both laboratory and in vivo studies, to achieve a level of accuracy at least equal to frame-based biopsy. The investigators have validated the technique in a large clinical series. The frameless and frame-based series were concurrent, comprising 76 and 79 cases, respectively. The frameless stereotactic technique involved standard needle biopsy, targeted by an image-guidance system and directed by a novel rigid adjustable instrument-holder. Frame-based biopsies were performed with the CRW and Leksell systems. There were no significant differences in the demographics, lesion site, size and pathologies between the groups. Operating theatre occupancy and anaesthetic time were both significantly shorter for the frameless series than the frame-based series (p {\textless} 0.0001). In addition, the complication rate in the frameless biopsy series was significantly lower than in the frame-based series (p = 0.018). This resulted in lower ITU bed occupancy (p = 0.02), shorter mean hospital stay (p = 0.0013) and significant cost savings (p = 0.0022) for the frameless stereotactic biopsy group, despite the greater use of more expensive MRI in these cases. This comparison study demonstrates that the superior imaging, target visualization and flexibility of the technique of frameless stereotactic biopsy translates into tangible advantages for safety, time and cost when compared with the current gold-standard of frame-based biopsy. The principles are discussed and the authors propose a definition for the term 'frameless stereotaxy'.},
 author = {Dorward, N. L. and Paleologos, T. S. and Alberti, O. and Thomas, D. G. T.},
 year = {2002},
 title = {The advantages of frameless stereotactic biopsy over frame-based biopsy},
 pages = {110--118},
 volume = {16},
 number = {2},
 issn = {0268-8697},
 journal = {British journal of neurosurgery},
 doi = {10.1080/02688690220131705},
 file = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12046728}
}


@article{Dumoulin.1993,
 abstract = {Techniques which can be used to follow the position of invasive devices in real-time using magnetic resonance (MR) are described. Tracking of an invasive device is made possible by incorporating one or more small RF coils into the device. These coils detect MR signals from only those spins near the coil. Pulse sequences which employ nonselective RF pulses to excite all nuclear spins within the field-of-view are used. Readout magnetic field gradient pulses, typically applied along one of the primary axes of the imaging system, are then used to frequency encode the position of the receive coil(s). Data are Fourier transformed and one or more peaks located to determine the position of each receiver coil in the direction of the applied field gradient. Subsequent data collected on orthogonal axes permits the localization of the receiver coil in three dimensions. The process can be repeated rapidly and the position of each coil can be displayed in real-time.},
 author = {Dumoulin, C. L. and Souza, S. P. and Darrow, R. D.},
 year = {1993},
 title = {Real-time position monitoring of invasive devices using magnetic resonance},
 pages = {411--415},
 volume = {29},
 number = {3},
 issn = {0740-3194},
 journal = {Magnetic resonance in medicine},
 doi = {10.1002/mrm.1910290322},
 file = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8450752}
}


@article{Fluckiger.2007,
 abstract = {A novel algorithm to accurately determine the location of an ultrasound source within heterogeneous media is presented. The method obtains a small spacial error of 748 microm+/-310 microm for 100 different measurements inside a circular area with 140 mm diameter. The new algorithm can be used in targeted drug delivery for cancer therapies as well as to accurately locate any kind of ultrasound sources in heterogeneous media, such as ultrasonically marked medical devices or tumors.},
 author = {Fl{\"u}ckiger, Michael and Nelson, Bradley J.},
 year = {2007},
 title = {Ultrasound emitter localization in heterogeneous media},
 pages = {2867--2870},
 volume = {2007},
 issn = {2375-7477},
 journal = {Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference},
 doi = {10.1109/IEMBS.2007.4352927},
 file = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18002593}
}


@article{Foong.2012,
 author = {Foong, Shaohui and Lee, Kok-Meng and Bai, Kun},
 year = {2012},
 title = {Harnessing Embedded Magnetic Fields for Angular Sensing With Nanodegree Accuracy},
 pages = {687--696},
 volume = {17},
 number = {4},
 issn = {1083-4435},
 journal = {IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics},
 doi = {10.1109/TMECH.2011.2119325}
}


@article{Franz.2014,
 abstract = {Object tracking is a key enabling technology in the context of computer-assisted medical interventions. Allowing the continuous localization of medical instruments and patient anatomy, it is a prerequisite for providing instrument guidance to subsurface anatomical structures. The only widely used technique that enables real-time tracking of small objects without line-of-sight restrictions is electromagnetic (EM) tracking. While EM tracking has been the subject of many research efforts, clinical applications have been slow to emerge. The aim of this review paper is therefore to provide insight into the future potential and limitations of EM tracking for medical use. We describe the basic working principles of EM tracking systems, list the main sources of error, and summarize the published studies on tracking accuracy, precision and robustness along with the corresponding validation protocols proposed. State-of-the-art approaches to error compensation are also reviewed in depth. Finally, an overview of the clinical applications addressed with EM tracking is given. Throughout the paper, we report not only on scientific progress, but also provide a review on commercial systems. Given the continuous debate on the applicability of EM tracking in medicine, this paper provides a timely overview of the state-of-the-art in the field.},
 author = {Franz, Alfred M. and Haidegger, Tam{\'a}s and Birkfellner, Wolfgang and Cleary, Kevin and Peters, Terry M. and Maier-Hein, Lena},
 year = {2014},
 title = {Electromagnetic tracking in medicine--a review of technology, validation, and applications},
 pages = {1702--1725},
 volume = {33},
 number = {8},
 journal = {IEEE transactions on medical imaging},
 doi = {10.1109/TMI.2014.2321777},
 file = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24816547}
}


@article{Freschi.2010,
 author = {Freschi, Fabio},
 year = {2010},
 title = {Localization of Sources of Brain Activity: A MILP Approach},
 pages = {3429--3432},
 volume = {46},
 number = {8},
 issn = {0018-9464},
 journal = {IEEE Transactions on Magnetics},
 doi = {10.1109/TMAG.2010.2044155}
}


@book{Frohne.1994,
 author = {Frohne, Heinrich},
 year = {1994},
 title = {Elektrische und magnetische Felder},
 address = {Stuttgart},
 volume = {[15]},
 publisher = {Teubner},
 isbn = {9783519064046},
 series = {Leitfaden der Elektrotechnik},
 file = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/886171090}
}


@article{Gerganov.2009,
 abstract = {OBJECT

Ultrasound may be a reliable but simpler alternative to intraoperative MR imaging (iMR imaging) for tumor resection control. However, its reliability in the detection of tumor remnants has not been definitely proven. The aim of the study was to compare high-field iMR imaging (1.5 T) and high-resolution 2D ultrasound in terms of tumor resection control.

METHODS

A prospective comparative study of 26 consecutive patients was performed. The following parameters were compared: the existence of tumor remnants after presumed radical removal and the quality of the images. Tumor remnants were categorized as: detectable with both imaging modalities or visible only with 1 modality.

RESULTS

Tumor remnants were detected in 21 cases (80.8{\%}) with iMR imaging. All large remnants were demonstrated with both modalities, and their image quality was good. Two-dimensional ultrasound was not as effective in detecting remnants{\textless}1 cm. Two remnants detected with iMR imaging were missed by ultrasound. In 2 cases suspicious signals visible only on ultrasound images were misinterpreted as remnants but turned out to be a blood clot and peritumoral parenchyma. The average time for acquisition of an ultrasound image was 2 minutes, whereas that for an iMR image was approximately 10 minutes. Neither modality resulted in any procedure-related complications or morbidity.

CONCLUSIONS

Intraoperative MR imaging is more precise in detecting small tumor remnants than 2D ultrasound. Nevertheless, the latter may be used as a less expensive and less time-consuming alternative that provides almost real-time feedback information. Its accuracy is highest in case of more confined, deeply located remnants. In cases of more superficially located remnants, its role is more limited.},
 author = {Gerganov, Venelin Miloslavov and Samii, Amir and Akbarian, Arasch and Stieglitz, Lennart and Samii, Madjid and Fahlbusch, Rudolf},
 year = {2009},
 title = {Reliability of intraoperative high-resolution 2D ultrasound as an alternative to high-field strength MR imaging for tumor resection control: a prospective comparative study},
 pages = {512--519},
 volume = {111},
 number = {3},
 journal = {Journal of neurosurgery},
 doi = {10.3171/2009.2.JNS08535},
 file = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19326992}
}


@article{Gumprecht.1999,
 abstract = {OBJECTIVE

The BrainLab VectorVision neuronavigation system was used in 131 cases of different brain pathological conditions. The neuronavigation system was used without problems in 125 cases. These cases included 114 microsurgical operations, 4 endoscopic procedures, 4 frameless stereotactic biopsies, and 3 catheter placements.

METHODS

The BrainLab VectorVision neuronavigation system is an intraoperative, image-guided, frameless, localization system. The system consists of a computer workstation for registration of images and physical spaces, an intraoperative localization device, and a computer image display. The system provides real-time responses regarding the locations of surgical instruments. VectorVision is based on passive reflections of infrared flashes. Universal adapters with reflective markers for surgical instruments, endoscopes, and the operating microscope are used.

RESULTS

In six cases, the system could not be used because of system failure or mishandling. In 125 neurosurgical cases, the neuronavigation system was useful, with a target-localizing accuracy of 4+/-1.4 mm (mean+/-standard deviation). For small cerebral lesions, we never performed an exploration with negative results.

CONCLUSION

The BrainLab neuronavigation system has been shown to be very helpful and user-friendly for routine neurosurgical interventions. Its advantage lies in its mobility, based on wireless reflective adapters for surgical instruments, endoscopes, and the operating microscope.},
 author = {Gumprecht, H. K. and Widenka, D. C. and Lumenta, C. B.},
 year = {1999},
 title = {BrainLab VectorVision Neuronavigation System: technology and clinical experiences in 131 cases},
 pages = {97-104; discussion 104-5},
 volume = {44},
 number = {1},
 issn = {0148-396X},
 journal = {Neurosurgery},
 doi = {10.1097/00006123-199901000-00056},
 file = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9894969}
}


@article{Guo.2011,
 author = {Guo, Xudong and Wang, Cheng and Yan, Rongguo},
 year = {2011},
 title = {An electromagnetic localization method for medical micro-devices based on adaptive particle swarm optimization with neighborhood search},
 pages = {852--858},
 volume = {44},
 number = {5},
 issn = {02632241},
 journal = {Measurement},
 doi = {10.1016/j.measurement.2011.01.022}
}


@book{HARRIEHAUSEN.2020b,
 author = {HARRIEHAUSEN, THOMAS and Schwarzenau, Dieter},
 year = {2020},
 title = {Moeller Grundlagen der Elektrotechnik},
 address = {Wiesbaden},
 edition = {24., durchges. u. korrig. Auflage 2020},
 publisher = {{Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden}},
 isbn = {9783658278403},
 file = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1197145002}
}


@article{Hayhurst.2009,
 abstract = {OBJECT

The authors investigated the practicality of electromagnetic neuronavigation in routine clinical use, and determined the applications for which it is at the advantage compared with other systems.

METHODS

A magnetic field is generated encompassing the surgical volume. Devices containing miniaturized coils can be located within the field. The authors report on their experience in 150 cases performed with this technology.

RESULTS

Electromagnetic neuronavigation was performed in 44 endoscopies, 42 ventriculoperitoneal shunt insertions for slit ventricles, 21 routine shunt insertions, 6 complex shunt insertions, 14 external ventricular drain placements for traumatic brain injury, 5 awake craniotomies, 5 Ommaya reservoir placements, and for 13 other indications. Satisfactory positioning of ventricular catheters was achieved in all cases. No particular changes to the operating theater set-up were required, and no significant interference from ferromagnetic instruments was experienced. Neurophysiological monitoring was not affected, nor did it affect electromagnetic guidance.

CONCLUSIONS

Neuronavigation enables safe, accurate surgery, and may ultimately reduce complications and improve outcome. Electromagnetic technology allows frameless, pinless, image-guided surgery, and can be used in all procedures for which neuronavigation is appropriate. This technology was found to be particularly advantageous compared with other technologies in cases in which freedom of head movement was helpful. Electromagnetic neuronavigation was therefore well suited to CSF diversion procedures, awake craniotomies, and cases in which rigid head fixation was undesirable, such as in neonates. This technology extends the application of neuronavigation to routine shunt placement and ventricular catheter placement in patients with traumatic brain injury.},
 author = {Hayhurst, Caroline and Byrne, Patricia and Eldridge, Paul R. and Mallucci, Conor L.},
 year = {2009},
 title = {Application of electromagnetic technology to neuronavigation: a revolution in image-guided neurosurgery},
 pages = {1179--1184},
 volume = {111},
 number = {6},
 journal = {Journal of neurosurgery},
 doi = {10.3171/2008.12.JNS08628},
 file = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19326991}
}


@article{Heermann.2001,
 author = {Heermann, Ralf and Schwab, Burkard and Issing, Peter R. and Haupt, Cornel and Lenarz, Thomas},
 year = {2001},
 title = {Navigation with the StealthStation{\texttrademark} in Skull Base Surgery: An Otolaryngological Perspective},
 pages = {277--286},
 volume = {11},
 number = {04},
 issn = {15315010},
 journal = {Skull Base},
 doi = {10.1055/s-2001-18634}
}


@article{Hermann.2012,
 abstract = {OBJECT

Ventricular catheter shunt malfunction is the most common reason for shunt revision. Optimal ventricular catheter placement can be exceedingly difficult in patients with small ventricles or abnormal ventricular anatomy. Particularly in children and in premature infants with small head size, satisfactory positioning of the ventricular catheter can be a challenge. Navigation with electromagnetic tracking technology is an attractive and innovative therapeutic option. In this study, the authors demonstrate the advantages of using this technology for shunt placement in children.

METHODS

Twenty-six children ranging in age from 4 days to 14 years (mean 3.8 years) with hydrocephalus and difficult ventricular anatomy or slit ventricles underwent electromagnetic-guided neuronavigated intraventricular catheter placement in a total of 29 procedures.

RESULTS

The single-coil technology allows one to use flexible instruments, in this case the ventricular catheter stylet, to be tracked at the tip. Head movement during the operative procedure is possible without loss of navigation precision. The intraoperative catheter placement documented by screenshots correlated exactly with the position on the postoperative CT scan. There was no need for repeated ventricular punctures. There were no operative complications. Postoperatively, all children had accurate shunt placement. The overall shunt failure rate in our group was 15{\%}, including 3 shunt infections (after 1 month, 5 months, and 10 months) requiring operative revision and 1 distal shunt failure. There were no proximal shunt malfunctions during follow-up (mean 23.5 months).

CONCLUSIONS

The electromagnetic-guided neuronavigation system enables safe and optimal catheter placement, especially in children and premature infants, alleviating the need for repeated cannulation attempts for ventricular puncture. In contrast to stereotactic techniques and conventional neuronavigation, there is no need for sharp head fixation using a Mayfield clamp. This technique may present the possibility of reducing proximal shunt failure rates and costs for hydrocephalus treatment in this age cohort.},
 author = {Hermann, Elvis J. and Capelle, Hans-Holger and Tschan, Christoph A. and Krauss, Joachim K.},
 year = {2012},
 title = {Electromagnetic-guided neuronavigation for safe placement of intraventricular catheters in pediatric neurosurgery},
 pages = {327--333},
 volume = {10},
 number = {4},
 journal = {Journal of neurosurgery. Pediatrics},
 doi = {10.3171/2012.7.PEDS11369},
 file = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22880888}
}


@inproceedings{Ibrahim.30.09.201903.10.2019,
 author = {Ibrahim, Ibrahim and Rieger, Kai and Draeger, Tobias and Psiuk, Rafael},
 title = {Adaptive algorithm for estimating the position of a passive object in a picking shelf},
 pages = {1--5},
 publisher = {IEEE},
 isbn = {978-1-7281-1788-1},
 booktitle = {2019 International Conference on Indoor Positioning and Indoor Navigation (IPIN)},
 year = {30.09.2019 - 03.10.2019},
 doi = {10.1109/IPIN.2019.8911793},
 file = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/mostRecentIssue.jsp?punumber=8903208}
}


@inproceedings{Jiang.12.10.200714.10.2007,
 author = {Jiang, Shiqin and Chi, Ming and Zhang, Lei and Luo, Ming and Wang, Lemin},
 title = {Dipole Source Localization in Magnetocardiography},
 pages = {320--322},
 publisher = {IEEE},
 isbn = {978-1-4244-0948-8},
 booktitle = {2007 Joint Meeting of the 6th International Symposium on Noninvasive Functional Source Imaging of the Brain and Heart and the International Conference on Functional Biomedical Imaging},
 year = {12.10.2007 - 14.10.2007},
 doi = {10.1109/NFSI-ICFBI.2007.4387764},
 file = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/4387764/}
}


@inproceedings{Jiang.30.05.200831.05.2008,
 author = {Jiang, Shiqin and Dong, Jiaming and Chi, Ming and Wang, Weiyuan},
 title = {Graphical model for the cardiac multi-dipole sources},
 pages = {434--436},
 publisher = {IEEE},
 isbn = {978-1-4244-2254-8},
 booktitle = {2008 International Conference on Technology and Applications in Biomedicine},
 year = {30.05.2008 - 31.05.2008},
 doi = {10.1109/ITAB.2008.4570632},
 file = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/4570632/}
}


@article{Krieger.2005,
 abstract = {This paper reports a novel remotely actuated manipulator for access to prostate tissue under magnetic resonance imaging guidance (APT-MRI) device, designed for use in a standard high-field MRI scanner. The device provides three-dimensional MRI guided needle placement with millimeter accuracy under physician control. Procedures enabled by this device include MRI guided needle biopsy, fiducial marker placements, and therapy delivery. Its compact size allows for use in both standard cylindrical and open configuration MRI scanners. Preliminary in vivo canine experiments and first clinical trials are reported.},
 author = {Krieger, Axel and Susil, Robert C. and M{\'e}nard, Cynthia and Coleman, Jonathan A. and Fichtinger, Gabor and Atalar, Ergin and Whitcomb, Louis L.},
 year = {2005},
 title = {Design of a novel MRI compatible manipulator for image guided prostate interventions},
 pages = {306--313},
 volume = {52},
 number = {2},
 journal = {IEEE transactions on bio-medical engineering},
 doi = {10.1109/TBME.2004.840497},
 file = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15709668},
 file = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3299496}
}


@patent{Kuth.772006,
 abstract = {A method is disclosed for determining the position and orientation of an endoscopy capsule guided through an examination object by using a navigating magnetic field generated by way of a navigation device. In the method, an X-ray machine is used to record radiation images in which the endoscopy capsule is shown. Further, the position and orientation of the endoscopy capsule are determined with the aid of the position-dependent and orientation-dependent image of the endoscopy capsule in the radiation images.},
 author = {Kuth, Rainer and Reinschke, Johannes and Rockelein, Rudolf},
 year = {2007},
 title = {Method for determining the position and orientation of an endoscopy capsule guided through an examination object by using a navigating magnetic field generated by means of a navigation device},
 number = {US2007038063 (A1)},
 file = {http://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?FT=D&CC=US&NR=2007038063A1&KC=A1}
}


@article{Lamus.2007,
 abstract = {Dynamic estimation methods based on linear state-space models have been applied to the inverse problem of magnetoencephalography (MEG), and can improve source localization compared with static methods by incorporating temporal continuity as a constraint. The efficacy of these methods is influenced by how well the state-space model approximates the dynamics of the underlying brain current sources. While some components of the state-space model can be inferred from brain anatomy and knowledge of the MEG instrument noise structure, parameters governing the temporal evolution of underlying current sources are unknown and must be selected on an ad-hoc basis or estimated from data. In this work, we apply the Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm to estimate parameters and sources in an MEG state-space model, and demonstrate in simulation studies that the resulting source estimates are superior to those provided by static methods or dynamic methods employing ad hoc parameter selection.},
 author = {Lamus, C. and Long, C. J. and H{\"a}m{\"a}l{\"a}inen, M. S. and Brown, E. N. and Purdon, P. L.},
 year = {2007},
 title = {PARAMETER ESTIMATION AND DYNAMIC SOURCE LOCALIZATION FOR THE MAGNETOENCEPHALOGRAPHY (MEG) INVERSE PROBLEM},
 pages = {1092--1095},
 volume = {2007},
 issn = {1945-7928},
 journal = {Proceedings. IEEE International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging},
 doi = {10.1109/ISBI.2007.357046},
 file = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20407591},
 file = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2855975}
}


@article{Latulippe.2015,
 author = {Latulippe, Maxime and Martel, Sylvain},
 year = {2015},
 title = {Dipole Field Navigation: Theory and Proof of Concept},
 pages = {1353--1363},
 volume = {31},
 number = {6},
 issn = {1552-3098},
 journal = {IEEE Transactions on Robotics},
 doi = {10.1109/TRO.2015.2489518}
}


@article{Liao.2010,
 abstract = {AIM

To retrospectively analyze the fields of application, diagnostic yields and findings of OMOM capsule endoscopy in Chinese patients.

METHODS

A database including 2400 Chinese patients who received OMOM capsule endoscopy in 27 endoscopy centers in China was retrieved from the Jianshan Science and Technology Ltd. OMOM capsule endoscopy database. The patient's age, gender, fields of application, the potentially relevant findings, pyloric transit time (PTT), small bowel transit time (SBTT), and complete small-bowel examination rate (CSER) were recorded and analyzed.

RESULTS

Two thousand four hundred patients aged 9-91 years (mean, 49 years), of whom 1510 were males (62.9{\%}), underwent 2400 OMOM capsule endoscopy procedures. One thousand two hundred and thirty two (51.3{\%}) were referred with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding (OGIB), 642 (26.8{\%}) with abdominal pain, and 223 (9.3{\%}) with chronic diarrhea. The overall diagnostic yield was 47.7{\%} (1144/2400). The diagnostic yield of OMOM capsule endoscopy in OGIB subgroup was much higher than in the non-OGIB subgroup (62.4{\%} vs 32.1{\%}, P {\textless} 0.001). The most common findings of the small bowel in Chinese patients with OGIB were arteriovenous malformation (28.1{\%}) and tumors (18.9{\%}). There was no significant difference in the diagnostic yield between the male and female patients with OGIB. However, the diagnostic yield in patients aged more than 60 was higher than in patients aged less than 60 (69.8{\%} vs 58.9{\%}, P {\textless} 0.001). The median PTT was 41 min (range: 1-544 min) and the mean SBTT was 247.2 +/- 88.9 min. The overall CSER was 86.8{\%}.

CONCLUSION

The OMOM capsule endoscopy is a valuable tool for small bowel evaluation with good overall diagnostic yield and CSER.},
 author = {Liao, Zhuan and Gao, Rui and Li, Feng and Xu, Can and Zhou, Yi and Wang, Jin-Shan and Li, Zhao-Shen},
 year = {2010},
 title = {Fields of applications, diagnostic yields and findings of OMOM capsule endoscopy in 2400 Chinese patients},
 pages = {2669--2676},
 volume = {16},
 number = {21},
 journal = {World journal of gastroenterology},
 doi = {10.3748/wjg.v16.i21.2669},
 file = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20518090},
 file = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2880781},
 file = {73d33265-5128-469a-bbda-cc80fdfd3994:C\:\\Users\\seyffejn\\AppData\\Local\\Swiss Academic Software\\Citavi 6\\ProjectCache\\laxxaqx2zn6jcyn1xiugvcdg683thmy3cdw4dhztsck\\Citavi Attachments\\73d33265-5128-469a-bbda-cc80fdfd3994.pdf:pdf}
}


@article{Luebbers.2008,
 abstract = {BACKGROUND

Surgical navigation requires registration of the pre-operative image dataset with the patient in the operation theatre. Various marker and marker-free registration techniques are available, each bearing an individual level of precision and clinical practicability. In this study the precision of four different registration methods in a maxillofacial surgical setting is analyzed.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A synthetic full size human skull model was registered with its computer tomography-dataset using (a) a dentally mounted occlusal splint, (b) the laser surface scanning, (c) five facial bone implants and (d) a combination of dental splint and two orbital bone implants. The target registration error was computed for 170 landmarks spread over the entire viscero- and neurocranium in 10 repeats using the VectorVision2 (BrainLAB AG, Heimstetten, Germany) navigation system. Statistical and graphical analyses were performed by anatomical region.

RESULTS

An average precision of 1mm was found for the periorbital region irrespective of registration method (range 0.6-1.1mm). Beyond the mid-face, precision linearly decreases with the distance from the reference markers. The combination of splint with two orbital bone markers significantly improved precision from 1.3 to 0.8mm (p{\textless}0.001) on the viscerocranium and 2.3-1.2mm (p{\textless}0.001) on the neurocranium.

CONCLUSIONS

An occlusal splint alone yields poor precision for navigation beyond the mid-face. The precision can be increased by combining an occlusal splint with just two bone implants inserted percutaneously on the lateral orbital rim of each side.},
 author = {Luebbers, Heinz-Theo and Messmer, Peter and Obwegeser, Joachim Anton and Zwahlen, Roger Arthur and Kikinis, Ron and Graetz, Klaus Wilhelm and Matthews, Felix},
 year = {2008},
 title = {Comparison of different registration methods for surgical navigation in cranio-maxillofacial surgery},
 pages = {109--116},
 volume = {36},
 number = {2},
 issn = {1010-5182},
 journal = {Journal of cranio-maxillo-facial surgery : official publication of the European Association for Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery},
 doi = {10.1016/j.jcms.2007.09.002},
 file = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18280173}
}


@inproceedings{Marechal.25.08.201529.08.2015,
 author = {Marechal, Luc and Foong, Shaohui and Sun, Zhenglong and Wood, Kristin L.},
 title = {Design optimization of the sensor spatial arrangement in a direct magnetic field-based localization system for medical applications},
 pages = {897--900},
 publisher = {IEEE},
 isbn = {978-1-4244-9271-8},
 booktitle = {2015 37th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC)},
 year = {25.08.2015 - 29.08.2015},
 doi = {10.1109/EMBC.2015.7318507},
 file = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7318507/}
}


@article{Marmulla.2004,
 abstract = {OBJECTIVE

Markerless patient registration is a new procedure that may reduce logistical efforts and possibly also the radiation load on the patients prior to a computer-assisted intervention. Congruent surfaces, such as bone surfaces or skin surfaces, represented in a data set and in the surgical site, can be overlapped using surface-matching. Previous studies describing this kind of markerless registration, however, show inaccuracies of up to 10 mm during computer-assisted navigation. Furthermore, these systems use less than 1000 surface points of the soft tissue surface in order to establish a correlation between the patient and the data set. Previous papers did not answer the question whether it is this scanning resolution that induces these inaccuracies in registration or rather intraoperative skin deformations.

STUDY DESIGN

In the present study therefore a new navigation system (SSN++) was used which is able to register up to 180,000 surface points of the surgical site. SSN++ is an infrared navigation system enlarged by a Minolta VI 900 3D volume digitizer. Three different kinds of laser scan-resolution were used for data correlation. An additional congruence analysis was performed in order to assess the geometry of the matched skin surfaces. 22 patients suffering from different cranial diseases (tumors, bony malformations, foreign bodies) were prepared for a computer-assisted intervention. Intraoral titanium-markers, rigidly fixed on the patients by a maxillary splint, were placed as targets while the CT data sets were made. These targets were - after markerless laser scan registration of the patients - supposed to serve for validating the new high-resolution navigation system SSN++.

RESULTS

The accuracy of markerless laser scan registration depends on the intraoperative laser scan's resolution. A high accuracy of the data correlation can be achieved if the number of the laser scan cloud points is about the same as the number of voxels of the corresponding surface on the CT data set. A reduction of the laser scan cloud points to less than 10 {\%} compared to the number of voxels of the CT surface, however, leads to a significant loss of accuracy after markerless patient registration.

CONCLUSION

The markerless laser scan registration of the surgical site may achieve the same accuracy as a patient registration made by rigidly fixed titanium screws (mean accuracy: 1.2 mm) as long as a high-resolution laser scan is being used.},
 author = {Marmulla, R. and M{\"u}hling, J. and Wirtz, C. R. and Hassfeld, S.},
 year = {2004},
 title = {High-resolution laser surface scanning for patient registration in cranial computer-assisted surgery},
 pages = {72--78},
 volume = {47},
 number = {2},
 issn = {0946-7211},
 journal = {Minimally invasive neurosurgery : MIN},
 doi = {10.1055/s-2004-818471},
 file = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15257478}
}


@article{Marmulla.2004b,
 abstract = {PURPOSE

The use of registration markers in computer-assisted surgery is combined with high logistic costs and efforts. Markerless patient registration using laser scan surface registration techniques is a new challenging method. The present study was performed to evaluate the clinical accuracy in finding defined target points within the surgical site after markerless patient registration in image-guided oral and maxillofacial surgery.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Twenty consecutive patients with different cranial diseases were scheduled for computer-assisted surgery. Data set alignment between the surgical site and the computed tomography (CT) data set was performed by markerless laser scan surface registration of the patient's face. Intraoral rigidly attached registration markers were used as target points, which had to be detected by an infrared pointer. The Surgical Segment Navigator SSN++ has been used for all procedures. SSN++ is an investigative product based on the SSN system that had previously been developed by the presenting authors with the support of Carl Zeiss (Oberkochen, Germany). SSN++ is connected to a Polaris infrared camera (Northern Digital, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada) and to a Minolta VI 900 3D digitizer (Tokyo, Japan) for high-resolution laser scanning.

RESULTS

Minimal differences in shape between the laser scan surface and the surface generated from the CT data set could be detected. Nevertheless, high-resolution laser scan of the skin surface allows for a precise patient registration (mean deviation 1.1 mm, maximum deviation 1.8 mm).

CONCLUSIONS

Radiation load, logistic costs, and efforts arising from the planning of computer-assisted surgery of the head can be reduced because native (markerless) CT data sets can be used for laser scan-based surface registration.},
 author = {Marmulla, R{\"u}diger and L{\"u}th, Tim and M{\"u}hling, Joachim and Hassfeld, Stefan},
 year = {2004},
 title = {Markerless laser registration in image-guided oral and maxillofacial surgery},
 pages = {845--851},
 volume = {62},
 number = {7},
 issn = {0278-2391},
 journal = {Journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery : official journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons},
 doi = {10.1016/j.joms.2004.01.014},
 file = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15218564}
}


@article{Marmulla.2004c,
 abstract = {Markerless patient registration based on the facial skin surface makes logistics prior to image-guided surgery much easier, as it is not necessary to place and measure registration markers. A laser scan registration of the surgical site takes the place of conventional marker-based registration. In a clinical study, the stability and accuracy of markerless patient registration was evaluated in 12 patients. Intraoral titanium markers served as targets for the infrared-pointer of the navigation system in order to check the accuracy of the markerless registration process. The correlation between laser scan resolution and navigation accuracy was checked using seven different laser scan resolutions (a cloud of 300,000 laser scan points down to 3750 laser scan points of the surgical site). The markerless patient registration was successful as long as high laser scan resolution was used (30,000 laser scan points and more): the titanium markers were detected with a mean deviation of 1.1 +/- 0.2 mm. Low resolution laser scans (6000 laser scan points of the surgical site and less) revealed inaccuracies up to 6 mm.},
 author = {Marmulla, R. and L{\"u}th, T. and M{\"u}hling, J. and Hassfeld, S.},
 year = {2004},
 title = {Automated laser registration in image-guided surgery: evaluation of the correlation between laser scan resolution and navigation accuracy},
 pages = {642--648},
 volume = {33},
 number = {7},
 issn = {0901-5027},
 journal = {International journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery},
 doi = {10.1016/j.ijom.2004.01.005},
 file = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15337176}
}


@article{Mateen.2017,
 author = {Mateen, Haris and Basar, Rubel and Ahmed, Afaz Uddin and Ahmad, Mohd Yazed},
 year = {2017},
 title = {Localization of Wireless Capsule Endoscope: A Systematic Review},
 pages = {1197--1206},
 volume = {17},
 number = {5},
 issn = {1530-437X},
 journal = {IEEE Sensors Journal},
 doi = {10.1109/JSEN.2016.2645945}
}


@article{McMillen.2010,
 abstract = {OBJECTIVES

Frameless imaged-guided neuronavigation is a useful adjunct to neuroendoscopy in paediatric patients, especially those with abnormal or complex ventricular or cyst anatomy. The development of electromagnetic neuronavigation has allowed the use of image-guided navigation in the very young patient in whom rigid fixation in cranial pins is contraindicated. The technique and the authors' experience of its use in a series of paediatric patients are described.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Nineteen paediatric patients were treated with endoscopic surgery at two paediatric neurosurgery centres over a period of 18 months. A total of 29 endoscopic procedures were performed. The cases were reviewed and surgical outcomes assessed. In all of the cases, the goal of surgery was realised successfully at the time of surgery, as confirmed by post-operative imaging. No technical failures were encountered. None of the patients suffered worsened neurological function as a result of their procedures.

CONCLUSION

Pinless, frameless electromagnetic neuronavigation was found to be a safe technique that can supplement endoscopic surgery in the very young patient. It allows the use of direct navigation of the endoscope in patients that are unable safely to undergo rigid cranial fixation in pins due to young age or thin skull vaults. This has proven to be a useful adjunct to neuroendoscopy in the subset of infants who have complicated or distorted ventricular anatomy and can improve the safety and accuracy of this type of surgery. It is also an alternative to optical neuronavigation in conjunction with neuroendoscopy in patients of any age.},
 author = {McMillen, Jason L. and Vonau, Marianne and Wood, Martin J.},
 year = {2010},
 title = {Pinless frameless electromagnetic image-guided neuroendoscopy in children},
 pages = {871--878},
 volume = {26},
 number = {7},
 journal = {Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery},
 doi = {10.1007/s00381-009-1074-5},
 file = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20076987}
}


@inproceedings{Mehmood.08.10.201209.10.2012,
 author = {Mehmood, Nasir and Aziz, Syed Mahfuzul},
 title = {Magnetic sensing technology for in vivo tracking},
 pages = {1--4},
 publisher = {IEEE},
 isbn = {978-1-4673-4451-7},
 booktitle = {2012 International Conference on Emerging Technologies},
 year = {08.10.2012 - 09.10.2012},
 doi = {10.1109/ICET.2012.6375423},
 file = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6375423/}
}


@inproceedings{Nagy.12.05.200917.05.2009,
 author = {Nagy, Z. and Fluckiger, M. and Ergeneman, O. and Pane, S. and Probst, M. and Nelson, B. J.},
 title = {A wireless acoustic emitter for passive localization in liquids},
 pages = {2593--2598},
 publisher = {IEEE},
 isbn = {978-1-4244-2788-8},
 booktitle = {2009 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation},
 year = {12.05.2009 - 17.05.2009},
 doi = {10.1109/ROBOT.2009.5152292},
 file = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5152292/}
}


@article{Orringer.2012,
 abstract = {Neuronavigation has become an ubiquitous tool in the surgical management of brain tumors. This review describes the use and limitations of current neuronavigational systems for brain tumor biopsy and resection. Methods for integrating intraoperative imaging into neuronavigational datasets developed to address the diminishing accuracy of positional information that occurs over the course of brain tumor resection are discussed. In addition, the process of integration of functional MRI and tractography into navigational models is reviewed. Finally, emerging concepts and future challenges relating to the development and implementation of experimental imaging technologies in the navigational environment are explored.},
 author = {Orringer, Daniel A. and Golby, Alexandra and Jolesz, Ferenc},
 year = {2012},
 title = {Neuronavigation in the surgical management of brain tumors: current and future trends},
 pages = {491--500},
 volume = {9},
 number = {5},
 journal = {Expert review of medical devices},
 doi = {10.1586/erd.12.42},
 file = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23116076},
 file = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3563325},
 file = {6c9f90f0-f23f-462f-8f35-9eb025b4a52c:C\:\\Users\\seyffejn\\AppData\\Local\\Swiss Academic Software\\Citavi 6\\ProjectCache\\laxxaqx2zn6jcyn1xiugvcdg683thmy3cdw4dhztsck\\Citavi Attachments\\6c9f90f0-f23f-462f-8f35-9eb025b4a52c.pdf:pdf}
}


@article{Pahlavan.2012,
 author = {Pahlavan, K. and Bao, G. and Ye, Y. and Makarov, S. and Khan, U. and Swar, P. and Cave, D. and Karellas, A. and Krishnamurthy, P. and Sayrafian, K.},
 year = {2012},
 title = {RF Localization for Wireless Video Capsule Endoscopy},
 pages = {326--340},
 volume = {19},
 number = {4},
 issn = {1068-9605},
 journal = {International Journal of Wireless Information Networks},
 doi = {10.1007/s10776-012-0195-z}
}


@inproceedings{Pham.21.04.201424.04.2014,
 author = {Pham, Duc Minh and Aziz, Syed Mahfuzul},
 title = {A real-time localization system for an endoscopic capsule},
 pages = {1--6},
 publisher = {IEEE},
 isbn = {978-1-4799-2843-9},
 booktitle = {2014 IEEE Ninth International Conference on Intelligent Sensors, Sensor Networks and Information Processing (ISSNIP)},
 year = {21.04.2014 - 24.04.2014},
 doi = {10.1109/ISSNIP.2014.6827653},
 file = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6827653/}
}


@inproceedings{Prakash.30Oct.2Nov.1997,
 author = {Prakash, N. M. and Spelman, F. A.},
 title = {Localization of a magnetic marker for GI motility studies: an in vitro feasibility study},
 pages = {2394--2397},
 publisher = {IEEE},
 isbn = {0-7803-4262-3},
 booktitle = {Proceedings of the 19th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. 'Magnificent Milestones and Emerging Opportunities in Medical Engineering' (Cat. No.97CH36136)},
 year = {30 Oct.-2 Nov. 1997},
 doi = {10.1109/IEMBS.1997.756802},
 file = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/756802/}
}


@article{Putzer.2016,
 abstract = {PURPOSE

We compared the targeting accuracy and reliability of two different electromagnetic navigation systems for manually guided punctures in a phantom.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

CT data sets of a gelatin filled plexiglass phantom were acquired with 1,~3, and 5 mm slice thickness. After paired-point registration of the phantom, a total of 480 navigated~stereotactic needle insertions were performed manually using electromagnetic guidance with two different navigation systems (Medtronic Stealth Station: AxiEM; Philips: PercuNav). A control CT was obtained to measure the target positioning error between the planned and actual needle trajectory.

RESULTS

Using the Philips PercuNav, the accomplished Euclidean distances were 4.42 $\pm$ 1.33 mm, 4.26 $\pm$ 1.32 mm, and 4.46 $\pm$ 1.56 mm at a slice thickness of 1, 3, and 5 mm, respectively. The mean lateral positional errors were 3.84 $\pm$ 1.59 mm, 3.84 $\pm$ 1.43 mm, and 3.81 $\pm$ 1.71 mm, respectively. Using the Medtronic Stealth Station AxiEM, the Euclidean distances were 3.86 $\pm$ 2.28 mm, 3.74 $\pm$ 2.1 mm, and 4.81 $\pm$ 2.07 mm at a slice thickness of 1, 3, and 5 mm, respectively. The mean lateral positional errors were 3.29 $\pm$ 1.52 mm, 3.16 $\pm$ 1.52 mm, and 3.93 $\pm$ 1.68 mm, respectively.

CONCLUSION

Both electromagnetic navigation devices showed excellent results regarding puncture accuracy in a phantom model. The Medtronic Stealth Station AxiEM provided more accurate results in comparison to the Philips PercuNav for CT with 3 mm slice thickness. One potential benefit of electromagnetic navigation devices is the absence of visual contact between the instrument and the sensor system. Due to possible interference with metal objects, incorrect position sensing may occur. In contrast to the phantom study, patient movement including respiration has to be compensated for in the clinical setting.

KEY POINTS

• Commercially available electromagnetic navigation systems have the potential to improve the therapeutic range for CT~guided percutaneous procedures by comparing the needle placement accuracy on the basis of planning CT data sets with different slice thickness. Citation Format: • Putzer D, Arco D, Schamberger B et al. Comparison of Two Electromagnetic Navigation Systems For CT-Guided Punctures: A~Phantom Study. Fortschr R{\"o}ntgenstr 2016; 188: 470 - 478.},
 author = {Putzer, D. and Arco, D. and Schamberger, B. and Schanda, F. and Mahlknecht, J. and Widmann, G. and Schullian, P. and Jaschke, W. and Bale, R.},
 year = {2016},
 title = {Elektromagnetische Navigationssysteme im Vergleich: CT-gezielte Punktionen an einem Phantom},
 pages = {470--478},
 volume = {188},
 number = {5},
 journal = {RoFo : Fortschritte auf dem Gebiete der Rontgenstrahlen und der Nuklearmedizin},
 doi = {10.1055/s-0042-103691},
 file = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27074422},
 file = {a5219e6f-6453-452a-8fe2-5588c4a9d0e4:C\:\\Users\\seyffejn\\AppData\\Local\\Swiss Academic Software\\Citavi 6\\ProjectCache\\laxxaqx2zn6jcyn1xiugvcdg683thmy3cdw4dhztsck\\Citavi Attachments\\a5219e6f-6453-452a-8fe2-5588c4a9d0e4.pdf:pdf}
}


@article{Raabe.2002,
 abstract = {OBJECTIVE

To report our clinical experience with a new laser scanning-based technique of surface registration. We performed a prospective study to measure the calculated registration error and the application accuracy of laser surface registration for intracranial image-guided surgery in the clinical setting.

METHODS

Thirty-four consecutive patients with different intracranial diseases were scheduled for intracranial image-guided surgery by use of a passive infrared surgical navigation system. Surface registration was performed by use of a Class I laser device that emits a visible laser beam. The Polaris camera system (Northern Digital, Waterloo, ON, Canada) detects the skin reflections of the laser, which the software uses to generate a virtual three-dimensional matrix of the anatomy of each patient. An advanced surface-matching algorithm then matches this virtual three-dimensional matrix to the three-dimensional magnetic resonance therapy data set. Registration error as calculated by the computer was noted. Application accuracy was assessed by use of the localization error for three distant anatomic landmarks.

RESULTS

Laser surface registration was successful in all patients. For the surgical field, application accuracy was 2.4 +/- 1.7 mm (range, 1-9 mm). Application accuracy was higher for the surgical field of frontally located lesions (mean, 1.8 +/- 0.8 mm; n = 13) as compared with temporal, parietal, occipital, and infratentorial lesions (mean, 2.8 +/- 2.1 mm; n = 21).

CONCLUSION

Laser scanning for surface registration is an accurate, robust, and easy-to-use method of patient registration for image-guided surgery.},
 author = {Raabe, Andreas and Krishnan, Ren{\'e} and Wolff, Robert and Hermann, Elvis and Zimmermann, Michael and Seifert, Volker},
 year = {2002},
 title = {Laser surface scanning for patient registration in intracranial image-guided surgery},
 pages = {797-801; discussion 802-3},
 volume = {50},
 number = {4},
 issn = {0148-396X},
 journal = {Neurosurgery},
 doi = {10.1097/00006123-200204000-00021},
 file = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11904031}
}


@article{Rey.2006,
 author = {Rey, J. F. and Ladas, S. and Alhassani, A. and Kuznetsov, K.},
 year = {2006},
 title = {European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE). Video capsule endoscopy: update to guidelines (May 2006)},
 pages = {1047--1053},
 volume = {38},
 number = {10},
 issn = {0013-726X},
 journal = {Endoscopy},
 doi = {10.1055/s-2006-944874},
 file = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17058174},
 file = {35d6f363-24cd-466e-b131-431e41fac899:C\:\\Users\\seyffejn\\AppData\\Local\\Swiss Academic Software\\Citavi 6\\ProjectCache\\laxxaqx2zn6jcyn1xiugvcdg683thmy3cdw4dhztsck\\Remote Attachments\\35d6f363-24cd-466e-b131-431e41fac899.pdf:pdf}
}


@article{Schreiber.2004,
 author = {Schreiber, J. and Haueisen, J. and Nenonen, J.},
 year = {2004},
 title = {A New Method for Choosing the Regularization Parameter in Time-Dependent Inverse Problems and Its Application to Magnetocardiography},
 pages = {1104--1107},
 volume = {40},
 number = {2},
 issn = {0018-9464},
 journal = {IEEE Transactions on Magnetics},
 doi = {10.1109/TMAG.2004.824813}
}


@article{Schulz.2012,
 abstract = {Introduction. As minimally invasive surgery becomes the standard of care in neurosurgery, it is imperative that surgeons become skilled in the use of image-guided techniques. The development of image-guided neurosurgery represents a substantial improvement in the microsurgical treatment of tumors, vascular malformations, and other intracranial lesions. Objective. There have been numerous advances in neurosurgery which have aided the neurosurgeon to achieve accurate removal of pathological tissue with minimal disruption of surrounding healthy neuronal matter including the development of microsurgical, endoscopic, and endovascular techniques. Neuronavigation systems and intraoperative imaging should improve success in cranial neurosurgery. Additional functional imaging modalities such as PET, SPECT, DTI (for fiber tracking), and fMRI can now be used in order to reduce neurological deficits resulting from surgery; however the positive long-term effect remains questionable for many indications. Method. PubMed database search using the search term {\textquotedbl}image guided neurosurgery.{\textquotedbl} More than 1400 articles were published during the last 25 years. The abstracts were scanned for prospective comparative trials. Results and Conclusion. 14 comparative trials are published. To date significant data amount show advantages in intraoperative accuracy influencing the perioperative morbidity and long-term outcome only for cerebral glioma surgery.},
 author = {Schulz, Chris and Waldeck, Stephan and Mauer, Uwe Max},
 year = {2012},
 title = {Intraoperative image guidance in neurosurgery: development, current indications, and future trends},
 pages = {197364},
 volume = {2012},
 journal = {Radiology research and practice},
 doi = {10.1155/2012/197364},
 file = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22655196},
 file = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3357627},
 file = {95d6b93b-fb19-42ff-8e0b-30f3062c58f4:C\:\\Users\\seyffejn\\AppData\\Local\\Swiss Academic Software\\Citavi 6\\ProjectCache\\laxxaqx2zn6jcyn1xiugvcdg683thmy3cdw4dhztsck\\Citavi Attachments\\95d6b93b-fb19-42ff-8e0b-30f3062c58f4.pdf:pdf}
}


@article{Shamir.2011,
 abstract = {BACKGROUND

Catheter, needle, and electrode misplacement in navigated neurosurgery can result in ineffective treatment and severe complications.

OBJECTIVE

To assess the Ommaya ventricular catheter localization accuracy both along the planned trajectory and at the target.

METHODS

We measured the localization error along the ventricular catheter and on its tip for 15 consecutive patients who underwent insertion of the Ommaya catheter surgery with a commercial neuronavigation system. The preoperative computed tomography/magnetic resonance images and the planned trajectory were aligned with the postoperative computed tomography images showing the Ommaya catheter. The localization errors along the trajectory and at the target were then computed by comparing the preoperative planned trajectory with the actual postoperative catheter position. The measured localization errors were also compared with the error reported by the navigation system.

RESULTS

The mean localization errors at the target and entry point locations were 5.9 $\pm$ 4.3 and 3.3 $\pm$ 1.9 mm, respectively. The mean shift and angle between planned and actual trajectories were 1.6 $\pm$ 1.9 mm and 3.9 $\pm$ 4.7°, respectively. The mean difference between the localization error at the target and entry point was 3.9 $\pm$ 3.7 mm. The mean difference between the target localization error and the reported navigation system error was 4.9 $\pm$ 4.8 mm.

CONCLUSION

The catheter localization errors have significant variations at the target and along the insertion trajectory. Trajectory errors may differ significantly from the errors at the target. Moreover, the single registration error number reported by the navigation system does not appropriately reflect the trajectory and target errors and thus should be used with caution to assess the procedure risk.},
 author = {Shamir, Reuben R. and Joskowicz, Leo and Spektor, Sergey and Shoshan, Yigal},
 year = {2011},
 title = {Target and trajectory clinical application accuracy in neuronavigation},
 pages = {95-101; discussion 101-2},
 volume = {68},
 number = {1 Suppl Operative},
 issn = {0148-396X},
 journal = {Neurosurgery},
 doi = {10.1227/NEU.0b013e31820828d9},
 file = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21206305}
}


@article{Song.2014,
 author = {Song, Shuang and Li, Baopu and Qiao, Wan and Hu, Chao and Ren, Hongliang and Yu, Haoyong and Zhang, Qi and Meng, Max Q.-H. and Xu, Guoqing},
 year = {2014},
 title = {6-D Magnetic Localization and Orientation Method for an Annular Magnet Based on a Closed-Form Analytical Model},
 pages = {1--11},
 volume = {50},
 number = {9},
 issn = {0018-9464},
 journal = {IEEE Transactions on Magnetics},
 doi = {10.1109/TMAG.2014.2315592}
}


@article{Stieglitz.2013,
 abstract = {BACKGROUND

Neuronavigation has become an intrinsic part of preoperative surgical planning and surgical procedures. However, many surgeons have the impression that accuracy decreases during surgery.

OBJECTIVE

To quantify the decrease of neuronavigation accuracy and identify possible origins, we performed a retrospective quality-control study.

METHODS

Between April and July 2011, a neuronavigation system was used in conjunction with a specially prepared head holder in 55 consecutive patients. Two different neuronavigation systems were investigated separately. Coregistration was performed with laser-surface matching, paired-point matching using skin fiducials, anatomic landmarks, or bone screws. The initial target registration error (TRE1) was measured using the nasion as the anatomic landmark. Then, after draping and during surgery, the accuracy was checked at predefined procedural landmark steps (Mayfield measurement point and bone measurement point), and deviations were recorded.

RESULTS

After initial coregistration, the mean (SD) TRE1 was 2.9 (3.3) mm. The TRE1 was significantly dependent on patient positioning, lesion localization, type of neuroimaging, and coregistration method. The following procedures decreased neuronavigation accuracy: attachment of surgical drapes (DTRE2 = 2.7 [1.7] mm), skin retractor attachment (DTRE3 = 1.2 [1.0] mm), craniotomy (DTRE3 = 1.0 [1.4] mm), and Halo ring installation (DTRE3 = 0.5 [0.5] mm). Surgery duration was a significant factor also; the overall DTRE was 1.3 [1.5] mm after 30 minutes and increased to 4.4 [1.8] mm after 5.5 hours of surgery.

CONCLUSION

After registration, there is an ongoing loss of neuronavigation accuracy. The major factors were draping, attachment of skin retractors, and duration of surgery. Surgeons should be aware of this silent loss of accuracy when using neuronavigation.},
 author = {Stieglitz, Lennart Henning and Fichtner, Jens and Andres, Robert and Schucht, Philippe and Kr{\"a}henb{\"u}hl, Ann-Kathrin and Raabe, Andreas and Beck, J{\"u}rgen},
 year = {2013},
 title = {The silent loss of neuronavigation accuracy: a systematic retrospective analysis of factors influencing the mismatch of frameless stereotactic systems in cranial neurosurgery},
 pages = {796--807},
 volume = {72},
 number = {5},
 issn = {0148-396X},
 journal = {Neurosurgery},
 doi = {10.1227/NEU.0b013e318287072d},
 file = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23334280},
 file = {30c8c391-dbd4-4579-ae36-0d48ce2fdd5f:C\:\\Users\\seyffejn\\AppData\\Local\\Swiss Academic Software\\Citavi 6\\ProjectCache\\laxxaqx2zn6jcyn1xiugvcdg683thmy3cdw4dhztsck\\Citavi Attachments\\30c8c391-dbd4-4579-ae36-0d48ce2fdd5f.pdf:pdf}
}


@inproceedings{Sun.07.07.201511.07.2015,
 author = {Sun, Zhenglong and Foong, Shaohui and Marechal, Luc and Teo, Tee Hui and Tan, U-Xuan and Shabbir, Asim},
 title = {Using heterogeneous sensory measurements in a compliant magnetic localization system for medical intervention},
 pages = {133--138},
 publisher = {IEEE},
 isbn = {978-1-4673-9107-8},
 booktitle = {2015 IEEE International Conference on Advanced Intelligent Mechatronics (AIM)},
 year = {07.07.2015 - 11.07.2015},
 doi = {10.1109/AIM.2015.7222521},
 file = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/lpdocs/epic03/wrapper.htm?arnumber=7222521}
}


@book{Tan.2013,
 year = {2013},
 title = {AsiaSim 2013},
 address = {Berlin, Heidelberg},
 publisher = {{Springer Berlin Heidelberg}},
 isbn = {978-3-642-45036-5},
 series = {Communications in Computer and Information Science},
 editor = {Tan, Gary and Yeo, Gee Kin and Turner, Stephen John and Teo, Yong Meng},
 doi = {10.1007/978-3-642-45037-2}
}


@article{Than.2012,
 abstract = {Obscure gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding, Crohn disease, Celiac disease, small bower tumors, and other disorders that occur in the GI tract have always been challenging to be diagnosed and treated due to the inevitable difficulty in accessing such a complex environment within the human body. With the invention of wireless capsule endoscope, the next generation of the traditional cabled endoscope, not only a dream has come true for the patients who have experienced a great discomfort and unpleasantness caused by the conventional endoscopic method, but also a new research field has been opened to develop a complete miniature robotic device that is swallowable and has full functions of diagnosis and treatment of the GI diseases. However, such an ideal device needs to be equipped with a highly accurate localization system to be able to exactly determine the location of lesions in the GI tract and provide essential feedback to an actuation mechanism controlling the device's movement. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of the localization systems for robotic endoscopic capsules, for which the motivation, challenges, and possible solutions of the proposed localization methods are also discussed.},
 author = {Than, Trung Duc and Alici, Gursel and Zhou, Hao and Li, Weihua},
 year = {2012},
 title = {A review of localization systems for robotic endoscopic capsules},
 pages = {2387--2399},
 volume = {59},
 number = {9},
 journal = {IEEE transactions on bio-medical engineering},
 doi = {10.1109/TBME.2012.2201715},
 file = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22736628}
}


@article{vandeKelft.2012,
 abstract = {STUDY DESIGN

An international, multicenter, prospective, postmarketing clinical registry to record the accuracy of pedicle screw placement, using the O-arm Complete Multidimensional Surgical Imaging System with StealthStation Navigation.

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the accuracy of pedicle screw placement in common neurosurgical practice and assess the patient's radiation exposure.

SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA

Several imaging techniques have been used to increase accurate pedicle screw placement. The O-arm 3-dimensional (3D) imaging (Medtronic Navigation, Louisville, CO), an intraoperative computed tomographic (CT) scan, combined with an existing navigation system was reported to further increase accuracy of screw placement, especially because an intraoperative 3D scan provides information for screw adjustment before wound closure.

METHODS

Patients already planned for instrumented spinal surgery were operated while using the O-arm as imaging device and the StealthStation Navigation (Medtronic Navigation, Louisville, CO) as navigation tool. At the end of all pedicle screw insertions, the placement was classified according to a validated method. The accuracy of pedicle screw placement based on the intraoperative 3D scan and the surgeon's perception of correct screw placement were assessed as well as the radiation doses the patient received during the entire procedure.

RESULTS

During a 16-month period, a total of 1922 screws in 353 patients were evaluated. In 97.5{\%}, the screws were correctly placed. Only 2.5{\%} of the screws were considered as misplaced, and 1.8{\%} of the screws were revised during the same procedure. When the surgeon perceived the screws to be correctly placed, the CT scan verified his assessment in 98.5{\%} of the cases. The mean radiation dose was comparable with half the dose of a 64 multislice CT scan.

CONCLUSION

The use of the O-arm in combination with a navigation system increases the accuracy of pedicle screw placement. The accuracy of the surgeon's perception and the need to limit the radiation dose for the patient justify an additional CT scan only after careful assessment of the potential additional value.},
 author = {{van de Kelft}, Erik and Costa, F. and {van der Planken}, D. and Schils, F.},
 year = {2012},
 title = {A prospective multicenter registry on the accuracy of pedicle screw placement in the thoracic, lumbar, and sacral levels with the use of the O-arm imaging system and StealthStation Navigation},
 pages = {E1580-7},
 volume = {37},
 number = {25},
 journal = {Spine},
 doi = {10.1097/BRS.0b013e318271b1fa},
 file = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23196967}
}


@inproceedings{Wang.June21252004,
 author = {Wang, Xiaona and Meng, M.Q.-H. and Chan, Yawen},
 title = {A low-cost tracking method based on magnetic marker for capsule endoscope},
 pages = {524--526},
 publisher = {IEEE},
 isbn = {0-7803-8629-9},
 booktitle = {International Conference on Information Acquisition, 2004. Proceedings},
 year = {June 21-25,2004},
 doi = {10.1109/ICIA.2004.1373426},
 file = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/1373426/}
}


@article{Weiner.2015,
 abstract = {BACKGROUND

Accuracy in Ommaya reservoir catheter placement is critical to chemotherapy infusion. Most frameless image guidance is light emitting diode (LED) based, requiring a direct line of communication between instrument and tracker, limiting freedom of instrument movement within the surgical field. Electromagnetic neuronavigation may overcome this challenge.

OBJECTIVE

To compare Ommaya reservoir ventricular catheter placement using electromagnetic neuronavigation to LED-based optical navigation, with emphasis on placement accuracy, operative time and complication rate.

METHODS

Twenty-eight patients who underwent placement of Ommaya reservoirs at our institution between 2010 and 2014 with either electromagnetic (12 patients) or optical neuronavigation (16 patients) were retrospectively reviewed.

RESULTS

Half of the patients were male. Their mean age was 56 years (range 28-87 years). Accuracy and precision in catheter tip placement at the target site (foramen of Monro) were both higher (p=0.038 and p=0.043, respectively) with electromagnetic neuronavigation. Unintended placement of the distal catheter contralateral to the target site occurred more frequently with optical navigation, as did superior or inferior positioning by more than 5 mm. Mean operative times were shorter (p=0.027) with electromagnetic neuronavigation (43.2 min) than with optical navigation (51.0 min). There were three complications (10.7{\%})--one case each of cytotoxic edema, post-operative wound infection, and urinary tract infection. The rate of complication did not differ between groups.

CONCLUSION

In contrast with optical neuronavigation, frameless and pinless electromagnetic image guidance allows the ability to track instrument depth in real-time. It may increase ventricular catheter placement accuracy and precision, and decrease operative times.},
 author = {Weiner, Gregory M. and Chivukula, Srinivas and Chen, Ching-Jen and Ding, Dale and Engh, Johnathan A. and Amankulor, Nduka},
 year = {2015},
 title = {Ommaya reservoir with ventricular catheter placement for chemotherapy with frameless and pinless electromagnetic surgical neuronavigation},
 pages = {61--66},
 volume = {130},
 journal = {Clinical neurology and neurosurgery},
 doi = {10.1016/j.clineuro.2014.12.018},
 file = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25590664}
}


@article{Wilding.2000,
 author = {Wilding, Ian and Hirst, Peter and Connor, Alyson},
 year = {2000},
 title = {Development of a new engineering-based capsule for human drug absorption studies},
 pages = {385--392},
 volume = {3},
 number = {11},
 issn = {14615347},
 journal = {Pharmaceutical Science {\&} Technology Today},
 doi = {10.1016/S1461-5347(00)00311-4}
}


@article{Wilding.2001,
 author = {Wilding, I.R and Coupe, A.J and Davis, S.S},
 year = {2001},
 title = {The role of \textgreek{g}-scintigraphy in oral drug delivery},
 pages = {103--124},
 volume = {46},
 number = {1-3},
 issn = {0169409X},
 journal = {Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews},
 doi = {10.1016/S0169-409X(00)00135-6}
}


@article{Yang.2010,
 author = {Yang, Wan'an and Hu, Chao and Li, Mao and Meng, Max Q.-H. and Song, Shuang},
 year = {2010},
 title = {A New Tracking System for Three Magnetic Objectives},
 pages = {4023--4029},
 volume = {46},
 number = {12},
 issn = {0018-9464},
 journal = {IEEE Transactions on Magnetics},
 doi = {10.1109/TMAG.2010.2076823}
}


@incollection{Yin.2013,
 author = {Yin, Minjie and Shen, Xukun and Hu, Yong and Fang, Xiaorui},
 title = {An Automatic Registration Method Based on Fiducial Marker for Image Guided Neurosurgery System},
 pages = {114--125},
 volume = {402},
 publisher = {{Springer Berlin Heidelberg}},
 isbn = {978-3-642-45036-5},
 series = {Communications in Computer and Information Science},
 editor = {Tan, Gary and Yeo, Gee Kin and Turner, Stephen John and Teo, Yong Meng},
 booktitle = {AsiaSim 2013},
 year = {2013},
 address = {Berlin, Heidelberg},
 doi = {10.1007/978-3-642-45037-2{\textunderscore }11}
}


@article{Zhao.2017,
 abstract = {As a new generation of medical metallic material, magnesium (Mg) and its alloys with or without surface coating have attracted a great deal of attention due to its biodegradability and potential for avoiding a removal operation after the implant has fulfilled its function for surgical fixation of injured musculoskeletal tissues. Although a few clinical cases on Mg-based orthopaedic implants were reported more than a century ago, it was not until recently that clinical trials using these implants with improved physicochemical properties were carried out in Germany, China and Korea for bone fracture fixation. The promising results so far suggest a bright future for biodegradable Mg-based orthopaedic implants and would warrant large scale phase II/III studies. Given the increasing interest on this emerging biomaterials and intense effort to improve its properties for various clinical applications, this review covers the evolution, current strategies, and future perspectives in the development of Mg-based orthopaedic implants. We also highlight a few clinical cases performed in China that may be unfamiliar to the general orthopaedic community.},
 author = {Zhao, Dewei and Witte, Frank and Lu, Faqiang and Wang, Jiali and Li, Junlei and Qin, Ling},
 year = {2017},
 title = {Current status on clinical applications of magnesium-based orthopaedic implants: A review from clinical translational perspective},
 pages = {287--302},
 volume = {112},
 issn = {01429612},
 journal = {Biomaterials},
 doi = {10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.10.017},
 file = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27770632}
}


@article{Zrinzo.2012,
 abstract = {Precision is the ultimate aim of stereotactic technique. Demands on stereotactic precision reach a pinnacle in stereotactic functional neurosurgery. Pitfalls are best avoided by possessing in-depth knowledge of the techniques employed and the equipment used. The engineering principles of arc-centered stereotactic frames maximize surgical precision at the target, irrespective of the surgical trajectory, and provide the greatest degree of surgical precision in current clinical practice. Stereotactic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides a method of visualizing intracranial structures and fiducial markers on the same image without introducing significant errors during an image fusion process. Although image distortion may potentially limit the utility of stereotactic MRI, near-complete distortion correction can be reliably achieved with modern machines. Precision is dependent on minimizing errors at every step of the stereotactic procedure. These steps are considered in turn and include frame application, image acquisition, image manipulation, surgical planning of target and trajectory, patient positioning and the surgical procedure itself. Audit is essential to monitor and improve performance in clinical practice. The level of stereotactic precision is best analyzed by routine postoperative stereotactic MRI. This allows the stereotactic and anatomical location of the intervention to be compared with the anatomy and coordinates of the intended target, avoiding significant image fusion errors.},
 author = {Zrinzo, Ludvic},
 year = {2012},
 title = {Pitfalls in precision stereotactic surgery},
 pages = {S53-61},
 volume = {3},
 number = {Suppl 1},
 journal = {Surgical neurology international},
 doi = {10.4103/2152-7806.91612},
 file = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22826812},
 file = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3400482}
}