merge upstream

2024/data/input16.data

@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
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+#.#.#.###.#.#.###.#######.#.#.#.#.###.#.#.###.#.#####.#######.#.#.#.#.#####.#.#######.#.#.#####.#.###.#####.###.#.#########.###.#.#########.#
+#.#.#.#.#...#.#.....#.......#...#...#.#.#.....#.....#.....#...#.#.#.#.#.....#.........#.#.....#.#.#.#...#...#.....................#.....#...#
+#.###.#.#####.#####.#.#####.#######.#.#.###########.#.###.#.###.#.###.###.#.###########.#.###.#.#.#.###.#####.###.#.###.#####.#.###.###.#.#.#
+#...#.#.....#...#...#.#...#.#.......#.#.#.......#...#...#...............#.#.........#.#.#.............#.....#.#.#...#.#.....................#
+#.#.#.###.#.###.#.#####.#.###.#######.#.#.#.#####.###.#.#.#########.###.#.#.#.#.###.#.#.#.#######.#.#.#####.#.#.#####.#####.#.###.###.###.#.#
+#S#.......#.....#.......#.....#.........#...............#...............#.....#.......#.............#.....#...............#.................#
+#############################################################################################################################################

2024/data/input16.example

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+###############
+#.......#....E#
+#.#.###.#.###.#
+#.....#.#...#.#
+#.###.#####.#.#
+#.#.#.......#.#
+#.#.#####.###.#
+#...........#.#
+###.#.#####.#.#
+#...#.....#.#.#
+#.#.#.###.#.#.#
+#.....#...#.#.#
+#.###.#.#.#.#.#
+#S..#.....#...#
+###############

activateEnv.srcme

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+#!/bin/bash -u
+
+# 
+# Source python venv (installed via curl https://pyenv.run | bash) to use specific python-version for this project without affecting system
+# For Algorithms and Datastructures Class
+#
+# For WSLg support for matplotlib export="DISPLAY:0" and 
+# echo "backend: TkAgg" > ~/.config/matplotlib/matplotlibrc
+
+export PYENV_ROOT="$HOME/.pyenv"
+export PATH="$PYENV_ROOT/bin:$PATH"
+export PYTHONPATH=".:$PYTHONPATH"
+eval "$(pyenv init --path)"
+eval "$(pyenv init -)"
+eval "$(pyenv virtualenv-init -)"
+
+# Create virtualenv if it doesn't exist
+if ! pyenv versions | grep -q AUD; then
+    echo "Creating Python environment..."
+    pyenv install -s 3.12.0
+    pyenv virtualenv 3.12.0 AUD
+fi
+
+pyenv activate AUD

data/hoehleLarger.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+"Höhleneingang" <> "Ost/West-Passage"
+"Höhleneingang" <> "Nord/Süd-Passage"
+"Nord/Süd-Passage" <> "Nebelraum"
+"Steiniger Pfad" > "Ost/West-Passage"
+"Ost/West-Passage" <> "Schwefelgewölbe"
+"Schwefelgewölbe" > "Steiniger Pfad"
+"Schatzkammer" > "Nebelraum"
+"Steiniger Pfad" <> "Schatzkammer"
+"Steiniger Pfad" > "Höhleneingang"
+"Kristallhöhle" <> "Schwefelgewölbe"
+"Kristallhöhle" <> "Nebelraum"
+"Versteckter Gang" > "Kristallhöhle"
+"Versteckter Gang" > "Schatzkammer"
+"Unterirdischer See" <> "Kristallhöhle"
+"Unterirdischer See" <> "Ost/West-Passage"
+"Geheimgang" > "Unterirdischer See"
+"Geheimgang" > "Versteckter Gang"
+"Abgrund" > "Geheimgang"
+"Abgrund" > "Nebelraum"
+"Verlorene Kammer" > "Abgrund"
+"Verlorene Kammer" > "Schwefelgewölbe"
+"Geheimgang" > "Schatzkammer"
+"Kristallhöhle" > "Höhleneingang"
+"Schwefelgewölbe" > "Höhleneingang"
+"Abgrund" > "Schatzkammer"

myreqs.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+contourpy==1.3.1
+cycler==0.12.1
+fonttools==4.56.0
+kiwisolver==1.4.8
+matplotlib==3.10.1
+numpy==2.2.4
+packaging==24.2
+pillow==11.1.0
+pygame==2.6.1
+pyparsing==3.2.3
+python-dateutil==2.9.0.post0
+six==1.17.0
+tk==0.1.0

schoeffelbe/pr01.py

@@ -0,0 +1,165 @@
+from utils.memory_array import MemoryArray
+from utils.memory_cell import MemoryCell
+from utils.literal import Literal
+from utils.constants import MIN_VALUE
+from utils.memory_manager import MemoryManager
+from utils.memory_range import mrange
+
+def max_sequence_1(z: MemoryArray):
+    n = z.length()
+    m = MemoryCell(MIN_VALUE)
+    s = MemoryCell()
+    l = MemoryCell()
+    r = MemoryCell()
+    for i in mrange(n):
+        for j in mrange(i, n):
+            s.set(0)
+            for k in mrange(i, j):
+                s += z[k]
+            if s > m:
+                m.set(s)
+                l.set(i)
+                r.set(j)
+    return m, l, r
+
+def max_sequence_2(z: MemoryArray):
+    n = z.length()
+    m = MemoryCell(MIN_VALUE)
+    s = MemoryCell()
+    l = MemoryCell()
+    r = MemoryCell()
+    for i in mrange(n):
+        s.set(0)
+        for j in mrange(i, n):
+            s += z[j]
+            if s > m:
+                m.set(s)
+                l.set(i)
+                r.set(j)
+    return m, l, r
+
+def _max_sequence_3_sub(z: MemoryArray, l: Literal, m: Literal, r: Literal):
+    # find max-sum from Middle to left
+    linksMax = MemoryCell(MIN_VALUE)
+    sum = MemoryCell(0)
+    links = MemoryCell(l)
+    rechts = MemoryCell(l)
+    for i in mrange(m, MemoryCell(l)-Literal(1), -1):
+        sum += z[i]
+        if sum > linksMax :
+            linksMax.set(sum)
+            links.set(i)
+        
+    # find max-sum from Middle to right 
+    rechtsMax = MemoryCell(MIN_VALUE)
+    sum.set(0);
+    # MRange is exclusive
+    startRight = MemoryCell(1) + m
+    for i in mrange(startRight, MemoryCell(1) + r):
+        sum += z[i]
+        if sum > rechtsMax:
+            rechtsMax.set(sum)
+            rechts.set(i)
+    return (linksMax + rechtsMax), links, rechts
+
+def _max_sequence_3(z: MemoryArray, l: Literal, r: Literal):
+    # Calc-Vars -> illegal to use Literal(0) here? Probably
+    # CAN ALLLL BE LITERALS
+    linksMax = MemoryCell()
+    linksL = MemoryCell()
+    linksR = MemoryCell()
+    rechtsMax = MemoryCell()
+    rechtsL = MemoryCell()
+    rechtsR = MemoryCell()
+    zwiMax = MemoryCell()
+    zwiL = MemoryCell()
+    zwiR = MemoryCell()
+    # Middle
+    m = MemoryCell() 
+    # Rec-Term - Reached subarray of size 1
+    if l == r:
+        return (z[l], l, r)
+    # calc middle
+    m.set(MemoryCell(l) + r)
+    # Use cutoff/floor here, did not check
+    m //= Literal(2);
+    # get maxLeft, then maxRight and then cross them (rec)
+    (linksMax, linksL, linksR) = _max_sequence_3(z, l, m)
+    startRight = MemoryCell(1) + m
+    (rechtsMax, rechtsL, rechtsR) = _max_sequence_3(z, startRight, r)
+    (zwiMax, zwiL, zwiR) = _max_sequence_3_sub(z, l, m, r)
+
+    if linksMax >= rechtsMax and linksMax >= zwiMax:
+        return (linksMax, linksL, linksR)
+
+    if rechtsMax >= linksMax and rechtsMax >= zwiMax:
+        return (rechtsMax, rechtsL, rechtsR)
+
+    return (zwiMax, zwiL, zwiR)
+
+# Wrapper for Seq DivAndConquer to keep call/teststructure possible
+def max_sequence_3(z: MemoryArray):
+    # Start with full range
+    lstart = Literal(0)
+    rend = Literal(len(z) - 1)
+    return _max_sequence_3(z, lstart, rend)
+
+def max_sequence_4(z: MemoryArray):
+    n = z.length()
+    max = MemoryCell(MIN_VALUE)
+    aktLinks = MemoryCell()
+    links = MemoryCell()
+    rechts = MemoryCell()
+    aktSum = MemoryCell()
+    for i in mrange(n):
+        aktSum += z[i]
+        if aktSum > max:
+            max.set(aktSum)
+            links.set(aktLinks)
+            rechts.set(i)
+        # if negative we start new Sum -> Restart must be better than continue
+        if aktSum < Literal(0):
+            aktSum.set(0)
+            aktLinks.set(MemoryCell(1) + i)
+    return (max, links, rechts)
+
+def example(max_sequence_func):
+    l = [-59, 52, 46, 14, -50, 58, -87, -77, 34, 15]
+    print(l)
+    z = MemoryArray(l)
+    m, l, r = max_sequence_func(z)
+    print(m, l, r)
+    assert(m == Literal(120))
+
+
+def seq(filename, max_sequence_func):
+    z = MemoryArray.create_array_from_file(filename)
+    m, l, r = max_sequence_func(z)
+    print(m, l, r)
+
+
+def analyze_complexity(max_sequence_func, sizes):
+    """
+    Analysiert die Komplexität einer maximalen Teilfolgenfunktion.
+
+    :param max_sequence_func: Die Funktion, die analysiert wird.
+    :param sizes: Eine Liste von Eingabegrößen für die Analyse.
+    """
+    for size in sizes:
+        MemoryManager.purge()  # Speicher zurücksetzen
+        random_array = MemoryArray.create_random_array(size, -100, 100)
+        max_sequence_func(random_array)
+        MemoryManager.save_stats(size)
+
+    MemoryManager.plot_stats(["cells", "adds"])
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    # fn = max_sequence_4
+    for fn in [max_sequence_1, max_sequence_2, max_sequence_3, max_sequence_4]:
+        example(fn)
+        # for filename in ["data/seq0.txt", "data/seq1.txt", "data/seq2.txt", "data/seq3.txt"]:
+        for filename in ["data/seq0.txt", "data/seq1.txt"]:
+            print(filename)
+            seq(filename, fn)
+        analyze_complexity(fn, [10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100])

schoeffelbe/pr02.py

@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+import logging
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+# logging.basicConfig(level=logging.DEBUG)
+
+import time
+
+def timeMS(func, *args, **kwargs):
+    startTime = time.perf_counter()
+    result = func(*args, **kwargs)
+    endTime = time.perf_counter()
+    elapsedMS = (endTime - startTime) * 1000  # Convert to milliseconds
+    print(f"{func.__name__} took {elapsedMS:.2f} ms")
+    return result
+
+from utils.memory_array import MemoryArray
+from utils.memory_cell import MemoryCell
+from utils.literal import Literal
+from utils.constants import MIN_VALUE
+from utils.memory_manager import MemoryManager
+from utils.memory_range import mrange
+
+def example():
+    initial = [6, 5, 3, 8, 1, 7, 2, 4]
+    # initial = [-6, -5, -3, -8, 1, 7, 2, 4]
+    toSort = MemoryArray(initial)
+    # init_from_size not accessible?
+    sorted = MemoryArray([-1] * len(initial))
+    mergeSort(toSort, sorted)
+    logger.debug(f"sorted {sorted} vs initial {initial}")
+    assert all(sorted[Literal(i)] == Literal(i+1) for i in range(len(initial))), "Array not sorted correctly"
+
+    analyze_complexity(mergeSort, [10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100])
+
+def merge(left: MemoryArray, right: MemoryArray, sort: MemoryArray):
+    pointerLeft = MemoryCell(0)
+    pointerRight = MemoryCell(0)
+    pointerSort = MemoryCell(0)
+
+    compare = lambda x, y: x <= y
+
+    logger.debug(f"Merging left {left} with right {right} in sort {sort}")
+
+    while pointerLeft < left.length() and pointerRight < right.length():
+        if compare(left[pointerLeft], right[pointerRight]):
+            sort[pointerSort] = left[pointerLeft]
+            pointerLeft += Literal(1)
+        else:
+            sort[pointerSort] = right[pointerRight]
+            pointerRight += Literal(1)
+
+        logger.debug(f"Now are at sort {sort} with {pointerLeft} (l) and {pointerRight} (r)")
+        pointerSort += Literal(1)
+
+    # Consume remaining elements
+    while pointerLeft < left.length():
+        logger.debug(f"Consuming left {left} from {pointerSort} at {pointerLeft}")
+        sort[pointerSort] = left[pointerLeft]
+        pointerLeft += Literal(1)
+        pointerSort += Literal(1)
+
+    while pointerRight < right.length():
+        logger.debug(f"Consuming right {right} from {pointerSort} at {pointerRight}")
+        sort[pointerSort] = right[pointerRight]
+        pointerRight += Literal(1)
+        pointerSort += Literal(1)
+
+# Sort the array passed as "toSort" and place the result in array "sort"
+# Does not change the original Array
+def mergeSort(toSort: MemoryArray, sort: MemoryArray):
+    logger.debug(toSort)
+    toSortLength = MemoryCell(toSort.length())
+
+    # Splitting
+    # Rec-Term -> Reached single Element. Single Element is already sorted so we place it! 
+    if toSortLength <= Literal(1):
+        # still working for empty array
+        if toSortLength == Literal(1):
+            sort[Literal(0)] = toSort[Literal(0)]
+        return
+
+    # TODO - Use a global var or a reference to an array passed as argument for this
+    # TODO - Tried non-temp-array approach with alternating Work-Arrays passed to the function, but made code really unreadable. Decided not worth it for now
+    # Temporary Arrays to hold the split arrays
+    mid : Literal = toSortLength // Literal(2)
+    left : MemoryArray = MemoryArray([toSort[i] for i in mrange(mid)])
+    right : MemoryArray = MemoryArray([toSort[i] for i in mrange(mid, toSortLength)])
+
+    # Temporary arrays for sorted halves
+    leftSort = MemoryArray([-1] * mid.get())
+    rightSort = MemoryArray([-1] * (toSortLength - mid).get())
+
+    # Split further
+    mergeSort(left, leftSort)
+    mergeSort(right, rightSort)
+
+    # Recreate the array from the seperated parts 
+    merge(leftSort, rightSort, sort)
+
+def analyze_complexity(fn, sizes):
+    """
+    Analysiert die Komplexität einer maximalen Teilfolgenfunktion.
+
+    :param max_sequence_func: Die Funktion, die analysiert wird.
+    :param sizes: Eine Liste von Eingabegrößen für die Analyse.
+    """
+    for size in sizes:
+        MemoryManager.purge()  # Speicher zurücksetzen
+        random_array = MemoryArray.create_random_array(size, -100, 100)
+        other_array = MemoryArray([-1] * size)
+        fn(random_array, other_array)
+        MemoryManager.save_stats(size)
+
+    MemoryManager.plot_stats(["cells", "adds", "compares"])
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    # For debug, assert if working and complexity-analysis
+    # example()
+
+    for filename in ["data/seq0.txt", "data/seq1.txt", "data/seq2.txt", "data/seq3.txt"]:
+        print(filename)
+        toSort = MemoryArray.create_array_from_file(filename)
+        sorted = MemoryArray([-1] * toSort.length().get())
+        timeMS(mergeSort, toSort, sorted)
+        # print(sorted)

schoeffelbe/pr03.py

@@ -0,0 +1,190 @@
+import logging
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+# logging.basicConfig(level=logging.DEBUG)
+
+import time
+
+def timeMS(func, *args, **kwargs):
+    startTime = time.perf_counter()
+    result = func(*args, **kwargs)
+    endTime = time.perf_counter()
+    elapsedMS = (endTime - startTime) * 1000  # Convert to milliseconds
+    print(f"{func.__name__} took {elapsedMS:.2f} ms")
+    return result
+
+
+from utils.memory_array import MemoryArray
+from utils.memory_cell import MemoryCell
+from utils.literal import Literal
+from utils.constants import MIN_VALUE
+from utils.memory_manager import MemoryManager
+from utils.memory_range import mrange
+
+def example():
+    initial = [6, 5, 3, 8, 1, 7, 2, 4]
+    # initial = [-6, -5, -3, -8, 1, 7, 2, 4]
+    toSort = MemoryArray(initial)
+    quickSortIterative(toSort, Literal(0), toSort.length().pred())
+    logger.debug(f"sorted {toSort} vs initial {initial}")
+    assert all(toSort[Literal(i)] == Literal(i+1) for i in range(len(initial))), "Array not sorted correctly"
+
+    # analyze_complexity(quickSort, [10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100])
+
+def getPivot(z: MemoryArray, l: Literal, r: Literal, mode) -> Literal:
+    if mode == 0:
+        return r
+    else:
+        mid_offset = r.value - l.value
+        mid_offset = mid_offset // 2
+        mid = Literal(l.value + mid_offset)
+    
+        # Return median of left, middle, and right elements
+        if ((z[l] <= z[mid] and z[mid] <= z[r]) or 
+            (z[r] <= z[mid] and z[mid] <= z[l])):
+            return mid
+        elif ((z[mid] <= z[l] and z[l] <= z[r]) or 
+              (z[r] <= z[l] and z[l] <= z[mid])):
+            return l
+        else:
+            return r
+
+
+def swap(z: MemoryArray, i: int, j: int):
+    tmp = z[Literal(i)].value
+    z[Literal(i)] = z[Literal(j)]
+    z[Literal(j)].set(tmp)
+
+# toSort[] --> Array to be sorted,
+# left     --> Starting index,
+# right    --> Ending index
+# adapted from https://stackoverflow.com/questions/68524038/is-there-a-python-implementation-of-quicksort-without-recursion
+def quickSortIterative(toSort : MemoryArray, left : Literal, right : Literal, mode=0):
+    # Create a manually managed stack and avoid pythons recursion-limit
+    size = right.value - left.value + 1
+    stack : MemoryArray = MemoryArray([0] * size)
+    top : MemoryCell = MemoryCell(-1)
+
+    # push initial values of l and h to stack
+    top += Literal(1)
+    stack[top] = left
+    top += Literal(1)
+    stack[top] = right
+  
+    # Keep popping from stack until its empty
+    while top >= Literal(0):
+        logger.debug(f"size {size}, stack {stack}, right {right} and left {left}, top {top}") 
+
+        # Pop h and l - Ensure we are not getting them by Ref, this will produce weird "JUST A LITTLE OF" Results
+        right = Literal(stack[top].get())
+        top -= Literal(1)
+        left = Literal(stack[top].get())
+        top -= Literal(1)
+  
+        # Set pivot element at its correct position in sorted array
+        p = partitionIterative(toSort, left, right, mode)
+  
+        # If there are elements on left side of pivot, then push left side to stack
+        if p.pred() > left:
+            top += Literal(1)
+            stack[top] = left
+            top += Literal(1)
+            stack[top] = p.pred()
+  
+        # If there are elements on right side of pivot, then push right side to stack
+        if p.succ() < right:
+            top += Literal(1)
+            stack[top] = p.succ()
+            top += Literal(1)
+            stack[top] = right
+
+def partitionIterative(arr : MemoryArray, l : Literal, h : Literal, mode=0):
+    logger.debug(f"Partitioning {arr}, {l} and {h}")
+    pivot_idx : Literal = getPivot(arr, l, h, mode)
+
+    # If pivot isn't at the high end, swap it there
+    if pivot_idx != h:
+        swap(arr, int(pivot_idx), int(h))
+
+    # Carefull that we do not use a reference. I suppose python would return one here if we just assign without value>Literal cast.
+    # At least this helped fix weird issue
+    pivotValue : Literal = arr[h]
+    i : MemoryCell = MemoryCell(l.pred())
+  
+    for j in mrange(l, h):
+        if arr[j] <= pivotValue:
+            i += Literal(1)                 # increment index of smaller element
+            swap(arr, int(i), int(j))
+  
+    swap(arr, i.succ().value, h.value)
+    return i.succ()
+
+def LEGACY_quickSort(z: MemoryArray, l: Literal = Literal(0), r: Literal = Literal(-1), mode=0):
+    if r == Literal(-1):
+        r = z.length().pred();
+    if l < r:
+        q = LEGACY_partition(z, l, r, mode)
+        LEGACY_quickSort(z, l, q.pred())
+        LEGACY_quickSort(z, q.succ(), r)
+
+def LEGACY_partition(z: MemoryArray, l: Literal, r: Literal, mode):
+    # Get pivot
+    pivot_idx = getPivot(z, l, r, mode)
+    
+    # If pivot is not already at the right end, swap it there
+    if pivot_idx != r:
+        swap(z, int(pivot_idx), int(r))
+
+    with MemoryCell(z[r]) as pivot, MemoryCell(l) as i, MemoryCell(r.pred()) as j:
+        while i < j:
+            while z[i] < pivot:
+                i.set(i.succ())
+            while j > l and z[j] >= pivot:
+                j.set(j.pred())
+            if i < j:
+                swap(z, int(i), int(j))
+                i.set(i.succ())
+                j.set(j.pred())
+        if i == j and z[i] < pivot:
+            i.set(i.succ())
+        if z[i] != pivot:
+            swap(z, int(i), int(r))
+        return Literal(i)
+
+
+def analyze_complexity(fn, sizes):
+    """
+    Analysiert die Komplexität einer maximalen Teilfolgenfunktion.
+
+    :param max_sequence_func: Die Funktion, die analysiert wird.
+    :param sizes: Eine Liste von Eingabegrößen für die Analyse.
+    """
+    for size in sizes:
+        MemoryManager.purge()  # Speicher zurücksetzen
+        random_array = MemoryArray.create_random_array(size, -100, 100)
+        fn(random_array, Literal(0), random_array.length().pred())
+        MemoryManager.save_stats(size)
+
+    MemoryManager.plot_stats(["cells", "adds", "compares", "reads", "writes"])
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    # For debug, assert if working and complexity-analysis
+    example()
+
+    print("I ran into a MaxRecursionDepth Error. From what I read on the Internet python does not do Tailcall Optimizations")
+    print("Increasing recursion-limit seems like a poor Idea, therefore tried an iterative approach with manual stack-keeping")
+
+    toSort = MemoryArray.create_array_from_file("data/seq0.txt")
+    print(toSort)
+    quickSortIterative(toSort, Literal(0), toSort.length().pred())
+    print(toSort)
+
+    # analyze_complexity(quickSortIterative, [10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100])
+    for filename in ["data/seq0.txt", "data/seq1.txt", "data/seq2.txt" ,"data/seq3.txt"]:
+    # for filename in [ "data/seq1.txt"]:
+        print(filename)
+        toSort = MemoryArray.create_array_from_file(filename)
+        timeMS(quickSortIterative, toSort, Literal(0), toSort.length().pred(), mode=1)
+        print(toSort)
+
+    print("Kann durch die Modifikation eine besser Laufzeit als nlog(n) erreicht werden? Nein! nlog(n) ist das Minimum. Durch die Änderung kann aber der Worst-Case fall von n^2 für z.B. bereits vorsortierte Arrays oder Arrays mit vielen Duplikaten vermieden werden.")

schoeffelbe/pr04.py

@@ -0,0 +1,293 @@
+import logging
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+# logging.basicConfig(level=logging.DEBUG)
+
+import time
+
+def timeMS(func, *args, **kwargs):
+    startTime = time.perf_counter()
+    result = func(*args, **kwargs)
+    endTime = time.perf_counter()
+    elapsedMS = (endTime - startTime) * 1000  # Convert to milliseconds
+    print(f"{func.__name__} took {elapsedMS:.2f} ms")
+    return result
+
+
+from utils.memory_array import MemoryArray
+from utils.memory_cell import MemoryCell
+from utils.literal import Literal
+from utils.constants import MAX_VALUE
+from utils.memory_manager import MemoryManager
+from utils.memory_range import mrange
+
+# Impl of MemoryArray says we cant add our own Datatypes beside Literal and List
+# BUUUUT we can just wrap our Datatype in a List :-)
+# We store them in a MemoryArray internaly tho anyhow so we increment our Counters for the RAM
+class HeapEntry:
+    def __init__(self, item, priority=1):
+        self.data = MemoryArray(Literal(2))
+        # 0: Content, 1: Prio
+        self.data[Literal(0)] = Literal(item)
+        self.data[Literal(1)] = Literal(priority)
+    
+    def getItem(self):
+        return self.data[Literal(0)]
+    
+    def getPriority(self):
+        return self.data[Literal(1)]
+    
+    def setPriority(self, priority):
+        self.data[Literal(1)] = Literal(priority)
+    
+    def __lt__(self, other):
+        if other is None:
+            return True 
+        if isinstance(other, (int, float)):
+            return self.getPriority().value > other
+        return self.getPriority() > other.getPriority()
+    
+    def __gt__(self, other):
+        if other is None:
+            return False 
+        if isinstance(other, (int, float)):
+            return self.getPriority().value < other
+        return self.getPriority() < other.getPriority()
+    
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return self.getPriority() == other.getPriority()
+    
+    def __str__(self):
+        return f"({self.getItem()}, prio={self.getPriority()})"
+
+class PriorityQueue:
+    def __init__(self, max_size : Literal = Literal(100)):
+        self.heap = MemoryArray(max_size) 
+        # Add uninitialized HeapEntry Values so the Adds/Compares do not fail on emtpy stack. 
+        # Would have to switch to MIN_VALUE if we switch what is a "Higher" Prio
+        for i in mrange(max_size.value):
+            self.heap[i].set([HeapEntry(MAX_VALUE, MAX_VALUE)])
+        self.size = MemoryCell(0)
+    
+    def parent(self, i: Literal) -> Literal:
+        return MemoryCell(i.pred()) // Literal(2)
+    
+    def leftChild(self, i: Literal) -> Literal:
+        return MemoryCell(MemoryCell(2) * i) + Literal(1)
+    
+    def rightChild(self, i: Literal) -> Literal:
+        return MemoryCell(MemoryCell(2) * i) + Literal(2)
+    
+    # Swap the Lists -> Therefore get the value which is the List and then Set it again
+    def swap(self, i: Literal, j: Literal):
+        tmp_i = self.heap[i].value
+        tmp_j = self.heap[j].value
+        self.heap[i].set(tmp_j)
+        self.heap[j].set(tmp_i)
+    
+    def maxHeapify(self, i: Literal):
+        left = self.leftChild(i)
+        right = self.rightChild(i)
+        largest = i
+        
+        if left < Literal(self.size.value) and self.heap[left].value[0] > self.heap[largest].value[0]:
+            largest = left
+        
+        if right < Literal(self.size.value) and self.heap[right].value[0] > self.heap[largest].value[0]:
+            largest = right
+        
+        if largest != i:
+            self.swap(i, largest)
+            self.maxHeapify(largest)
+    
+    def insert(self, entry : HeapEntry):
+        if self.size >= self.heap.length():
+            raise IndexError("Heap full")
+        
+        i = self.size
+        self.heap[i].set([entry])
+        
+        while i > Literal(0) and self.heap[self.parent(i)].value[0] < self.heap[i].value[0]:
+            self.swap(i, self.parent(i))
+            i = self.parent(i)
+
+        self.size += Literal(1)
+    
+    def pop(self):
+        if self.isEmpty():
+            raise IndexError("Queue is empty!")
+        
+        max_item = self.heap[Literal(0)].value[0]
+        
+        self.heap[Literal(0)] = self.heap[self.size - Literal(1)]
+        self.size -= Literal(1)
+        
+        self.maxHeapify(Literal(0))
+        
+        return max_item
+    
+    def peek(self):
+        if self.isEmpty():
+            raise IndexError("Queue is empty")
+        return self.heap[Literal(0)].value[0]
+    
+    def isEmpty(self):
+        return self.size == Literal(0)
+    
+    def __len__(self):
+        return self.size
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        entries = []
+        for i in mrange(self.size.value):
+            entry = self.heap[i].value[0]
+            if entry.getItem() != MAX_VALUE:
+                entries.append(str(entry))
+        return "[" + ", ".join(entries) + "]"
+
+# Insert here so we dont run into import problems, but can deliver this file Standalone
+class BinaryTreeNode(MemoryCell):
+    def __init__(self, value):
+        super().__init__(value)
+        self.left = None
+        self.right = None
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return f"BinaryTreeNode(value={self.value}, left={self.left}, right={self.right})"
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return str(self.value)
+
+class BinaryTree:
+    def __init__(self): 
+        self.root: BinaryTreeNode | None = None
+    
+    def insert(self, value: BinaryTreeNode):
+        # Insert at Leaf, if smaller then left one, otherwise right one
+        def _insert(node: BinaryTreeNode | None, value) -> BinaryTreeNode:
+            if node is None:
+                return BinaryTreeNode(value)
+            if value < node:
+                node.left = _insert(node.left, value)                                 # type: ignore -> Ignoring pywright errors
+            else:
+                node.right = _insert(node.right, value)                               # type: ignore -> Ignoring pywright errors
+            return node
+
+        self.root = _insert(self.root, value)
+    
+    def traverse(self, mode="in", visual=False):
+        mode = mode.lower()
+        # Have internal depth counting
+        def InternalTraverse(node, prefix="", is_left=True, depth=0):
+            if node is None:
+                return [] if not visual else []
+    
+            result = []
+            node_str = str(node)
+
+            prefixAcc = prefix + ("|   " if is_left and depth > 0 else "   ")
+    
+            if visual:
+                connector = "+-- " if is_left else "L-- "
+                line = prefix + connector + node_str if depth > 0 else node_str
+                result.append(line)
+            else:
+                result.append(node_str)
+
+            if mode == "pre":
+                result += InternalTraverse(node.left, prefixAcc, True, depth + 1)
+                result += InternalTraverse(node.right, prefixAcc, False, depth + 1)
+            elif mode == "in":
+                result += InternalTraverse(node.left, prefixAcc, True, depth + 1)
+                result += InternalTraverse(node.right, prefixAcc, False, depth + 1)
+            elif mode == "post":
+                result += InternalTraverse(node.left, prefixAcc, True, depth + 1)
+                result += InternalTraverse(node.right, prefixAcc, False, depth + 1)
+    
+            return result
+    
+        if self.root is None:
+            return "(empty tree)" if visual else []
+    
+        result = InternalTraverse(self.root)
+        return "\n".join(result) if visual else result
+
+    
+    def levelOrderWithPriorityQueue(self):
+        if not self.root:
+            return []
+        
+        # Create a priority queue, using a reduced prio for every new entry -> behaviour as regular queue FIFO
+        pq = PriorityQueue(Literal(1000))
+
+        # Again we cannot create a MemoryArray of dynamic sizes and also cannot create a string as MemoryCell does not like it
+        # Again we just create a list holding a single dummy Entry (to set its size to 1) and then just use this "list" as our string
+        # Appending to it is easy as it is just a regular list and in the end we return it
+        # Like MemoryCell("").value.append("STRING") will fail. But list-wrap works. 
+        #
+        # Sorry for Syntax, dont know any better way to have everything as RAM-Managed memory:-(
+        result = MemoryArray(["MYSTRING"])
+        result[Literal(0)].set([]);
+
+        counter = MemoryCell(0)
+        def nextPriority():
+            val = counter.value
+            counter.set(Literal(val + 1))
+            return val
+        pq.insert(HeapEntry([self.root], nextPriority()))  
+        
+        while not pq.isEmpty():
+            entry = pq.pop()
+            node = entry.getItem().value
+            
+            result[Literal(0)].value.append(str(node[0]))
+            
+            if node[0].left:
+                pq.insert(HeapEntry([node[0].left], nextPriority()))
+            if node[0].right:
+                pq.insert(HeapEntry([node[0].right], nextPriority()))
+        
+        return result[Literal(0)]
+
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return str(self.traverse(mode="PrE", visual=True))
+
+def analyze_complexity(fn, sizes):
+    """
+    Analysiert die Komplexität einer maximalen Teilfolgenfunktion.
+
+    :param max_sequence_func: Die Funktion, die analysiert wird.
+    :param sizes: Eine Liste von Eingabegrößen für die Analyse.
+    """
+    for size in sizes:
+        MemoryManager.purge()  # Speicher zurücksetzen
+        random_array = MemoryArray.create_random_array(size, -100, 100)
+        fn(random_array, Literal(0), random_array.length().pred())
+        MemoryManager.save_stats(size)
+
+    MemoryManager.plot_stats(["cells", "adds", "compares", "reads", "writes"])
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    # For debug, assert if working and complexity-analysis
+    # example()
+
+    print("Sorry for the Syntax and the large file, tried to keep everything as a standalone file to help make it \" download and run \".\n \
+          Also did - once again - not find a better way to have a queue managed by the RAM contain the values of non-integer-attributes I \n\
+          needed it to. Therefore i reused my Priorityqueue and its accesses via the unspecified wrapped list.");
+
+    # for filename in ["data/seq0.txt", "data/seq1.txt", "data/seq2.txt" ,"data/seq3.txt"]:
+    for filename in [ "data/seq0.txt"]:
+        print(filename)
+        binTreeData = MemoryArray.create_array_from_file(filename)
+        binTree = BinaryTree()
+        for value in binTreeData:
+            binTree.insert(BinaryTreeNode(value))
+
+        # Print overlaoded InOrder traversal
+        print(binTree)
+        # print(binTree.traverse(mode="pre", visual=False))
+        # print(binTree.traverse(mode="in", visual=False))
+        # print(binTree.traverse(mode="post", visual=False))
+        # Print Levelorder traversal:
+        print(binTree.levelOrderWithPriorityQueue())

schoeffelbe/pr05.py

@@ -0,0 +1,246 @@
+import logging
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+# logging.basicConfig(level=logging.DEBUG)
+
+import time
+
+def timeMS(func, *args, **kwargs):
+    startTime = time.perf_counter()
+    result = func(*args, **kwargs)
+    endTime = time.perf_counter()
+    elapsedMS = (endTime - startTime) * 1000  # Convert to milliseconds
+    print(f"{func.__name__} took {elapsedMS:.2f} ms")
+    return result
+
+
+from utils.memory_array import MemoryArray
+from utils.literal import Literal
+from utils.memory_manager import MemoryManager
+from vorlesung.L05_binaere_baeume.bin_tree import BinaryTree
+from vorlesung.L05_binaere_baeume.bin_tree_node import BinaryTreeNode
+
+def analyze_complexity(fn, sizes):
+    """
+    Analysiert die Komplexität einer maximalen Teilfolgenfunktion.
+
+    :param max_sequence_func: Die Funktion, die analysiert wird.
+    :param sizes: Eine Liste von Eingabegrößen für die Analyse.
+    """
+    for size in sizes:
+        MemoryManager.purge()  # Speicher zurücksetzen
+        random_array = MemoryArray.create_random_array(size, -100, 100)
+        fn(random_array, Literal(0), random_array.length().pred())
+        MemoryManager.save_stats(size)
+
+    MemoryManager.plot_stats(["cells", "adds", "compares", "reads", "writes"])
+
+lineAccumulator = []
+
+# Returnvalue does not get forwarded so we can not work with return. 
+# Will try glob vars to append the string
+# Signature: def print_node(node, indent=0, line=None):
+def clbk_graphvizify(toDecorate : BinaryTreeNode, indent=0, line=None):
+    global lineAccumulator
+
+    if isinstance(toDecorate, AVLTreeNode):
+        lineAccumulator.append(f'n_{id(toDecorate)} [label=<{toDecorate.value}<BR/><FONT COLOR="RED" POINT-SIZE="10.0" FACE="ambrosia">B: {toDecorate.balanceFactor}</FONT>>]')
+    else:
+        lineAccumulator.append(f"n_{id(toDecorate)} [label={toDecorate.value}]")
+
+    # Create edges for nodes with Child (use l - r)
+    if toDecorate.left is not None:
+        lineAccumulator.append(f"n_{id(toDecorate)} -> n_{id(toDecorate.left)}")
+    
+    if toDecorate.right is not None:
+        lineAccumulator.append(f"n_{id(toDecorate)} -> n_{id(toDecorate.right)}")
+
+
+def graphvizify() -> str:
+    # Header
+    result = "digraph {\n\t"
+    # Body
+    result += ('\n\t'.join(str(item) for item in lineAccumulator))
+    # Footer
+    result += "\n}"
+    return result
+
+class AVLTreeNode(BinaryTreeNode):
+    def __init__(self, value):
+        super().__init__(value)
+        self.parentRef = None
+        # Start balanced as we probably have no children right after insert
+        self.balanceFactor = Literal(0)
+
+    def rightRotate(self, node) -> 'AVLTreeNode|None':
+        if node is None:
+            return None
+        
+        oLeft = node.left;
+        oLeft.parentRef = node.parentRef;
+        node.left = oLeft.right;
+
+        if node.left is not None:
+            node.left.parentRef = node;
+
+        oLeft.right = node;
+        node.parentRef = oLeft;
+
+        if oLeft.parentRef is not None:
+            if oLeft.parentRef.right is node:
+                oLeft.parentRef.right = oLeft;
+            elif oLeft.parentRef.left is node:
+                oLeft.parentRef.left = oLeft;
+    
+        node.getSetBalanceFactor()
+        oLeft.getSetBalanceFactor()
+
+        return oLeft
+
+    def leftRotate(self, node) -> 'AVLTreeNode|None':
+        if node is None:
+            return None
+        
+        oRight = node.right
+        oRight.parentRef = node.parentRef
+        node.right = oRight.left
+
+        if node.right is not None:
+            node.right.parentRef = node
+
+        oRight.left = node
+        node.parentRef = oRight
+
+        if oRight.parentRef is not None:
+            if oRight.parentRef.right is node:
+                oRight.parentRef.right = oRight
+            elif oRight.parentRef.left is node:
+                oRight.parentRef.left = oRight
+
+        node.getSetBalanceFactor()
+        oRight.getSetBalanceFactor()
+
+        return oRight
+
+    def getSetBalanceFactor(self) -> Literal:
+        leftHeight = self.left.height() if self.left else 0
+        rightHeight = self.right.height() if self.right else 0
+        self.balanceFactor = Literal(rightHeight - leftHeight)
+        return self.balanceFactor
+
+    def rightLeftRotate(self, node) -> 'AVLTreeNode|None':
+        node.right = self.rightRotate(node.right)
+        return self.leftRotate(node)
+
+    def leftRightRotate(self, node) -> 'AVLTreeNode|None':
+        node.left = self.leftRotate(node.left)
+        return self.rightRotate(node)
+
+
+def debugTraverse(node, source=1):
+    if node is None:
+        return None
+    logger.debug(f"{node.value} {node.getSetBalanceFactor()} {source}")
+    debugTraverse(node.left, 10);
+    debugTraverse(node.right, 20);
+
+
+class AVLTree(BinaryTree):
+    # @override
+    def new_node(self, value) -> AVLTreeNode:
+        return AVLTreeNode(value)
+
+    def balanceAVLTree(self, node : AVLTreeNode):
+        # balance < -1 means imbalance to the left, > 1 means imbalance to the right
+        logger.debug("in")
+        if node is None:
+            return None
+        logger.debug("out")
+        
+        node.getSetBalanceFactor()
+        logger.debug(f"Parent Balancing for {node.value} -> {node.balanceFactor} {node.left.height() if node.left else None} and {node.right.height() if node.right else None}")
+        
+        # imbalance to left -> If we enter this we cannot LOGICALLY have a left=None node -> No need to chekc
+        if node.balanceFactor < Literal(-1):
+            # Left-Left
+            if node.left.balanceFactor <= Literal(0):   # type: ignore -> Ignoring pywright error, see comment above
+                # Wow, this syntax is sketchy ^^
+                # TODO Maybe declare as static if python supports this? Or just leaf param be?
+                logger.debug("rr")
+                node = node.rightRotate(node)
+            # Left-Right
+            else:
+                # TODO Maybe declare as static if python supports this? Or just leaf param be?
+                logger.debug("lrr")
+                node = node.leftRightRotate(node)
+        
+        # Right heavy
+        # imbalance to right -> If we enter this we cannot LOGICALLY have a right=None node -> No need to chekc
+        if node.balanceFactor > Literal(1):
+            # Right-Right case
+            if node.right.balanceFactor >= Literal(0):   # type: ignore -> Ignoring pywright error, see comment above
+                # TODO Maybe declare as static if python supports this? Or just leaf param be?
+                logger.debug("lr")
+                node = node.leftRotate(node)
+            # Right-Left case
+            else:
+                # TODO Maybe declare as static if python supports this? Or just leaf param be?
+                logger.debug("rlr")
+                node = node.rightLeftRotate(node)
+        
+        logger.debug(f"Reached {node.parentRef}")
+        if node.parentRef is not None:
+            logger.debug(f"Calling again for {node.parentRef.value}");
+            self.balanceAVLTree(node.parentRef);
+        else:
+            self.root = node;
+
+        # Node is balanced
+        return node
+
+    # @override
+    def insert(self, value):
+        node, parent = super().insert(value)
+        # NOTE Python does not have a Problem with NOT tellin us that we override something important
+        # or something that does not exist.... This Makes for AWESOME debugging .... ... ...
+        node.parentRef = parent
+
+        if parent:
+            node = self.balanceAVLTree(node.parentRef)
+
+        return node, parent
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    tree = AVLTree()
+
+    ### Force RR
+    # testData = [30, 20, 10];
+    # for value in testData:
+    #     tree.insert(MemoryCell(value));
+
+    ### Force LR
+    # testData = [10, 20, 30];
+    # for value in testData:
+    #     tree.insert(MemoryCell(value));
+
+    ### Force LRR
+    # testData = [30, 10, 20]
+    # for value in testData:
+    #     tree.insert(MemoryCell(value))
+
+    ### Force RLR
+    # testData = [10, 30, 20]
+    # for value in testData:
+    #     tree.insert(MemoryCell(value))
+
+    # Force rebuild of our balanceFactor indices... 
+    # debugTraverse(tree.root)
+
+    binTreeData = MemoryArray.create_array_from_file("data/seq0.txt")
+    for value in binTreeData:
+        tree.insert(value)
+
+
+    lineAccumulator.clear();
+    tree.in_order_traversal(clbk_graphvizify)
+    # tree.tree_structure_traversal(clbk_graphvizify)
+    print(graphvizify())

schoeffelbe/pr06.py

@@ -0,0 +1,334 @@
+import logging
+from graphviz import Digraph
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+# logging.basicConfig(level=logging.DEBUG)
+
+import time
+
+def timeMS(func, *args, **kwargs):
+    startTime = time.perf_counter()
+    result = func(*args, **kwargs)
+    endTime = time.perf_counter()
+    elapsedMS = (endTime - startTime) * 1000  # Convert to milliseconds
+    print(f"{func.__name__} took {elapsedMS:.2f} ms")
+    return result
+
+
+from utils.memory_array import MemoryArray
+from utils.memory_cell import MemoryCell
+from utils.literal import Literal
+from utils.memory_range import mrange
+from utils.memory_manager import MemoryManager
+
+# We often want to "dynamically" extend our array, but thats not really what it was intended for 
+# Therefore we write a function to do so reusably
+def memArrayInsert(array: MemoryArray, position: Literal, value) -> MemoryArray:
+    logger.debug(f"Pre-Insert: {array}")
+    newSize : Literal = array.length().succ()
+    newArray = MemoryArray(newSize)
+    
+    # Copy elements til position
+    for i in mrange(position):
+        newArray[i] = array[i]
+    
+    # Insert new value with check for MemCell Type
+    newArray[position] = value if isinstance(value, MemoryCell) else MemoryCell(value)
+    
+    for i in mrange(position.succ(), newSize):
+        newArray[i] = array[i.pred()]
+    
+    logger.debug(f"Post-Insert: {array}")
+    return newArray
+
+# Likewise for the Split
+# Here we split the array at the position EXCLUSIVELY for the first MemoryArray
+def memArraySplit(array: MemoryArray, position: Literal) -> tuple[MemoryArray, MemoryArray]:
+    leftSize = position
+    rightSize = MemoryCell(array.length()) - position
+    
+    left = MemoryArray(leftSize)
+    right = MemoryArray(rightSize)
+    
+    for i in mrange(leftSize):
+        left[i] = array[i]
+    
+    for i in mrange(rightSize):
+        right[i] = array[Literal(i.value + position.value)]
+    
+    return left, right
+
+class BTreeNode(MemoryCell):
+    def __init__(self):
+        super().__init__(value=None)
+        self.value = MemoryArray([])
+        self.children = MemoryArray([])
+        self.leaf = True
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return "( " + " ".join(str(val) for val in self.value) + " )"
+
+    def isLeaf(self):
+        return self.children.length() == Literal(0)
+
+class BTree:
+    def __init__(self, order):
+        self.order = Literal(order)
+        self.root = BTreeNode()
+
+    def _insertNonFull(self, node, key):
+        if node.leaf:
+            i = node.value.length()
+            
+            # pos for new Key
+            while i > Literal(0) and key < node.value[i.pred()]:
+                i = i.pred()
+                
+            # insert key at pos using helper fkt
+            node.value = memArrayInsert(node.value, i, key)
+        else:
+            j = Literal(0)
+            while j < node.value.length() and node.value[j] < key:
+                j = j.succ()
+                
+            child = node.children[j].value[0]
+            
+            # Splt if full
+            if child.value.length() == Literal(2 * self.order.value - 1):
+                self._splitChild(node, j)
+                if key > node.value[j]:
+                    j = j.succ()
+                    child = node.children[j].value[0]
+            
+            # insert rec in selected Child
+            self._insertNonFull(child, key)
+
+    def insert(self, key):
+        if not isinstance(key, MemoryCell):
+            key = MemoryCell(key)
+        rootRef = self.root
+        if rootRef.value.length() == MemoryCell(2 * self.order.value - 1):
+            newRoot = BTreeNode()
+            newRoot.leaf = False
+            newRoot.children = MemoryArray(["DUMMY"])
+            newRoot.children[Literal(0)].set([rootRef])
+            self._splitChild(newRoot, Literal(0))
+            self.root = newRoot
+            self._insertNonFull(newRoot, key)
+        else:
+            logger.debug("Inserting in non-full");
+            self._insertNonFull(rootRef, key)
+
+    def _splitChild(self, parent: BTreeNode, index: Literal):
+        child = parent.children[index].value[0]
+        
+        newRight = BTreeNode()
+        newRight.leaf = child.leaf
+        
+        # median index
+        mid = Literal(self.order.value - 1)
+        medianKey = child.value[mid]
+        
+        # Childs keys in l and r
+        leftKeys, rightKeys = memArraySplit(child.value, mid)
+        
+        child.value = leftKeys
+        
+        newRight.value = MemoryArray(rightKeys.length().pred())
+        for j in mrange(rightKeys.length().pred()):
+            newRight.value[j] = rightKeys[j.succ()]
+        
+        # if child is not leaf distribute itschildren
+        if not child.leaf:
+            leftChildren, rightChildren = memArraySplit(child.children, mid.succ())
+            child.children = leftChildren
+            newRight.children = rightChildren
+
+        # Insert median key in parent and insert new right as i+1's chld
+        parent.value = memArrayInsert(parent.value, index, medianKey)
+        parent.children = memArrayInsert(parent.children, index.succ(), [newRight])
+
+    def search(self, key) -> BTreeNode:
+        return BTreeNode()
+
+    # Depth-Search
+    def _traversalInOrder(self, node : BTreeNode, result):
+        logger.debug(type(node.value))
+        logger.debug(node.value)
+        for i in mrange(node.value.length()):
+            # RecTerm
+            if not node.isLeaf():
+                self._traversalInOrder(node.children[i].value[0], result)
+            result.append(str(node.value[i]))
+        # RecTerm
+        if not node.isLeaf(): 
+            self._traversalInOrder(node.children[Literal(len(node.value))].value[0], result)
+
+    def structureTraversal(self, callback):
+        def traverse(node):
+            if node is None:
+                return
+            callback(node)
+            if not node.isLeaf():
+                for i in range(len(node.children)):
+                    child = node.children[Literal(i)].value[0]
+                    traverse(child)
+        traverse(self.root)
+
+    def traversal(self) -> list:
+        resultAcc = []
+        self._traversalInOrder(self.root, resultAcc)
+        return resultAcc
+
+    def search(self, searchVal : Literal) -> BTreeNode|None:
+        if self.root is None:
+            return None
+                
+        current = self.root
+        while not current.isLeaf():
+            # Exit early if we are already way to large for our current Node. Should improve runtime
+            if searchVal > current.value[current.value.length().pred()]:
+                current = current.children[current.value.length()].value[0]
+                continue
+
+            # Go thru every value in the Node until we find anything
+            i = MemoryCell(0)
+            while i < current.value.length() and searchVal > current.value[i]:
+                i = i.succ()
+                
+            # return exact match
+            if i < current.value.length() and searchVal == current.value[i]:
+                return current
+                
+            # go to appropriate child
+            # If searchVal smaller than first value (i=0) -> leftmost child
+            # if searchVal larger than all values (i=len) -> rightmost child
+            # Otherwise -> child between values
+            current = current.children[Literal(i)].value[0]
+        
+        # Final check in leaf node
+        for i in mrange(current.value.length()):
+            if searchVal == current.value[i]:
+                return current
+            
+        return None
+
+    def height(self) -> Literal:
+        if self.root is None:
+            return Literal(0)
+            
+        current = self.root
+        height = MemoryCell(1)
+        
+        while not current.isLeaf():
+            height = height.succ()
+            current = current.children[Literal(0)].value[0]
+            
+        return height
+
+def clbk_graphvizify(toDecorate: BTreeNode, indent=0, line=None):
+    global dotAcc
+    
+    values_str = "|".join(str(val) for val in toDecorate.value)
+    dotAcc.node(f'n_{id(toDecorate)}', values_str, shape='record')
+        
+    # Create edges for all children
+    if not toDecorate.isLeaf():
+        for i in mrange(toDecorate.children.length()):
+            child = toDecorate.children[i].value[0]
+            dotAcc.edge(f'n_{id(toDecorate)}', f'n_{id(child)}')
+
+def visualizeBTree(tree: BTree, filename='build/schoeffel_btree'):
+    try:
+        import graphviz
+    except ImportError:
+        raise AssertionError("Graphviz installed? Try commenting visualizeBTree or install 'pip install graphviz'")
+    global dotAcc
+    dotAcc = Digraph()
+    dotAcc.attr(rankdir='TB')
+    dotAcc.attr('node', shape='record', style='filled', fillcolor='lightgray')
+    dotAcc.attr('edge', arrowsize='0.5')
+    
+    tree.structureTraversal(clbk_graphvizify)
+    try:
+        dotAcc.render(filename, view=True)
+    except Exception as e:
+        print(f"Could not display graph: {e}")
+        print("Saving graph file without viewing (Running WSL?)")
+        try:
+            dotAcc.render(filename, view=False)
+        except Exception as e:
+            print(f"Could not save graph file: {e}")
+
+def graphvizify() -> str:
+    result = """digraph {
+    rankdir=TB;
+    node [shape=record, style=filled, fillcolor=lightgray];
+    edge [arrowsize=0.5];
+    """
+    # Body
+    result += '\n\t'.join(str(item) for item in dotAcc)
+    # Footer
+    result += "\n}"
+    return result
+
+def analyze_complexity(fn, sizes):
+    """
+    Analysiert die Komplexität einer maximalen Teilfolgenfunktion.
+
+    :param max_sequence_func: Die Funktion, die analysiert wird.
+    :param sizes: Eine Liste von Eingabegrößen für die Analyse.
+    """
+    for size in sizes:
+        MemoryManager.purge()  # Speicher zurücksetzen
+        random_array = MemoryArray.create_random_array(size, -100, 100)
+        for value in random_array:
+            fn(value)
+        MemoryManager.save_stats(size)
+
+    MemoryManager.plot_stats(["cells", "compares", "reads", "writes"])
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    tree = BTree(order=3)
+    tree.insert(Literal(10));
+    tree.insert(Literal(11));
+    tree.insert(Literal(12));
+    print(tree.traversal());
+
+    binTreeData = MemoryArray.create_array_from_file("data/seq0.txt")
+    j = 0
+    for value in binTreeData:
+        tree.insert(value)
+        j = j +1
+        # Uncomment to view progress in insertion at every step saved as PDF
+        # visualizeBTree(tree, f"build/schoeffel_btree{j}")
+
+    logger.debug(tree.root.children)
+    # Graphvizify Wrapper
+    visualizeBTree(tree)
+    print(f"InOrder Traversal: {tree.traversal()}")
+    print(tree.search(Literal(50)))
+    print(tree.height())
+
+    tree3 = BTree(order=3)
+    tree5 = BTree(order=5)
+    binTreeData = MemoryArray.create_array_from_file("data/seq2.txt")
+    for value in binTreeData:
+        tree3.insert(value)
+        tree5.insert(value)
+
+    print(f"Order three for Seq2 produces height {tree3.height()}")
+    print(f"Order five for Seq2 produces height {tree5.height()}")
+    order3 = tree3.traversal()
+    order5 = tree5.traversal()
+    assert all(int(order3[i]) <= int(order3[i+1]) for i in range(len(order3)-1)), "Order3 not in ascending order"
+    assert all(int(order5[i]) <= int(order5[i+1]) for i in range(len(order5)-1)), "Order5 not in ascending order"
+    print(tree3.search(Literal(0)))
+    print(tree5.search(Literal(0)))
+
+
+    MemoryManager.purge()
+    analyze_complexity(tree3.insert, [10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100])
+    # tree.tree_structure_traversal(clbk_graphvizify)
+    # print(graphvizify())
+

schoeffelbe/pr07.py

@@ -0,0 +1,266 @@
+import logging
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+# logging.basicConfig(level=logging.DEBUG)
+
+import time
+
+def timeMS(func, *args, **kwargs):
+    startTime = time.perf_counter()
+    result = func(*args, **kwargs)
+    endTime = time.perf_counter()
+    elapsedMS = (endTime - startTime) * 1000  # Convert to milliseconds
+    print(f"{func.__name__} took {elapsedMS:.2f} ms")
+    return result
+
+from utils.memory_array import MemoryArray
+from utils.memory_cell import MemoryCell
+from utils.literal import Literal
+from utils.memory_range import mrange
+from utils.memory_manager import MemoryManager
+
+def getHashFunction(m : Literal):
+    # Hash function using golden ratio
+    # Golden ratio (sqrt(5) - 1) / 2; Allowed to to this way as it is a one-time calc ^^
+    A : Literal = Literal((5 ** 0.5 - 1) / 2)
+    def hashFunctionGoldenRatio(key : Literal|MemoryCell) -> Literal:
+        if not isinstance(key, MemoryCell):
+            key = MemoryCell(key)
+            
+        assert(isinstance(key, MemoryCell))
+
+        product : Literal = key * A
+        
+        # discard decimal part
+        intPart = Literal(int(product.value))
+        fracPart = MemoryCell(product) - intPart
+        
+        # Scale by m
+        hashVal = Literal(int(fracPart.value * m.value))
+        
+        return hashVal
+    
+    return hashFunctionGoldenRatio
+    
+# Probing function h + i + 5i^2
+def getProbingFunction(hashFunc, m: Literal, probingMethod="quadratic"):
+    def quadraticProbe(key, i: Literal|MemoryCell):
+        if not isinstance(i, MemoryCell):
+            i = MemoryCell(i)
+            
+        # TODO Can save operation/allocation of MemCEll here, but for better flow leave this way
+        hPrime_x = MemoryCell(hashFunc(key))
+        iSquared = MemoryCell(i * i)
+        
+        result = MemoryCell(MemoryCell(hPrime_x + i) + iSquared * Literal(5)) % m
+        return result
+    
+
+    def symmetricProbe(key, i: Literal|MemoryCell):
+        if not isinstance(i, MemoryCell):
+            i = MemoryCell(i)
+
+        hPrime_x = MemoryCell(hashFunc(key))
+        iSquared = MemoryCell(i * i)
+
+        if i % Literal(2) == Literal(0):
+            result = MemoryCell(hPrime_x + iSquared) % m
+        else:
+            result = MemoryCell(hPrime_x - iSquared) % m
+        return result
+
+    if probingMethod == "symmetric":
+        return symmetricProbe
+    else:
+        return quadraticProbe
+
+class HashTable:
+    # marker for deleted entries
+    DELETED = MemoryCell("DELETED")
+    
+    def __init__(self, size, probingMethod="quadratic"):
+        if not isinstance (size, Literal|MemoryCell):
+            size = Literal(size)
+        self.size = size
+
+        self.table = MemoryArray(self.size)
+        for i in mrange(self.size):
+            self.table[i].set(None)
+
+        self.count = Literal(0)                   # Count of actual elements
+        self.deletedCount = Literal(0)            # Count of deleted slots
+        
+        # Initialize hash and probe function
+        self.hashFunc = getHashFunction(self.size)
+        self.probe = getProbingFunction(self.hashFunc, self.size, probingMethod)
+    
+    def insert(self, value):
+        if not isinstance(value, MemoryCell):
+            value = MemoryCell(value)
+            
+        # Check if table is full (considering deleted entries asd well as normal count)
+        if (MemoryCell(self.count) + self.deletedCount) == self.size:
+            logger.info(f"Failed to insert {value} - table is full")
+            return False
+            
+        i = Literal(0)
+        while i < self.size:
+            # Get our Index via the ProbingFkt
+            index = self.probe(value, i)
+    
+            # Empty slot or deleted marker found
+            # Need the get here as we want to compare the value (none) to None.
+            # For the rest normal should be fine
+            if self.table[index].get() is None or self.table[index] == self.DELETED:
+                if self.table[index] == self.DELETED:
+                    # Were on a cell that was deleted. Now we write in it, but decrease delCount
+                    self.deletedCount = self.deletedCount.pred()
+                    
+                self.table[index] = value
+                self.count = self.count.succ()      # Inc fillcounter
+                logger.debug(f"value {value} was inserted successfully at {index}, count is now at \
+                        {self.count}|{self.deletedCount}");
+                return True
+                
+            # Value already exists
+            # TODO DISCUSSION Wouldnt it defcato be a successfull insert if we are already in our hashmap? Maybe then return true here?
+            if self.table[index] == value:
+                logger.info(f"value {value} already exits in the table");
+                return False
+                
+            i = i.succ()
+            
+        # Couldn't find a slot even though count < size
+        logger.info(f"Failed to insert {value} - table is full")
+        return False
+    
+    def search(self, value):
+        if not isinstance(value, MemoryCell):
+            value = MemoryCell(value)
+            
+        i = Literal(0)
+        while i < self.size:
+            index = self.probe(value, i)
+            
+            # Empty slot found - value doesn't exist
+            if self.table[index].get() is None:
+                return False
+                
+            # Value found
+            if self.table[index] == value:
+                return True
+                
+            # If deleted marker or different value, continue
+            i = i.succ()
+            
+        return False
+    
+    def delete(self, value):
+        if not isinstance(value, MemoryCell):
+            value = MemoryCell(value)
+            
+        i = Literal(0)
+        while i < self.size:
+            index = self.probe(value, i)
+            
+            # Empty slot found - value doesn't exist
+            if self.table[index].get() is None:
+                return False
+                
+            # Value found - mark as deleted
+            if self.table[index] == value:
+                # TODO Check wheter it is .set() or = here
+                self.table[index].set(self.DELETED)
+                self.count = self.count.pred()
+                self.deletedCount = self.deletedCount.succ()
+                return True
+                
+            i = i.succ()
+            
+        return False
+    
+    def __str__(self):
+        result = "["
+        for i in mrange(self.size):
+            if self.table[i].get() is None:
+                result += "None"
+            else:
+                result += str(self.table[i])
+                
+            if i < self.size.pred():
+                result += ", "
+                
+        result += "]"
+        return result
+    
+    def alpha(self):
+        # load factor (count / size)
+        return Literal(self.count.value / self.size.value)
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    table = HashTable(20)
+    seq0Data = MemoryArray.create_array_from_file("data/seq0.txt")
+
+    print(f"Hash table before inserting seq0.txt: {table}")
+    
+    print("Inserting values from seq0.txt...")
+    for value in seq0Data:
+        table.insert(value)
+
+    strFirst = str(table.table[Literal(0)])
+
+    # delete first 5 entries and then try to reinsert them
+    for i in mrange(5):
+        table.delete(seq0Data[i])
+
+    assert(table.deletedCount == Literal(5)), "Deleted count should be 5"
+    for i in mrange(5):
+        table.insert(seq0Data[i])
+
+    assert(table.deletedCount == Literal(0)), "Deleted count should be 0 after reinserting"
+    assert(strFirst == str(table.table[Literal(0)])), "First entry should be the same as before"
+    print(f"Hashtable after inserting seq0.txt: {table}")
+    print(f"Load factor after inserting: {table.alpha()}")
+    
+    print("Deleting 52...")
+    table.delete(Literal(52))
+    print(f"Hash table after deletion: {table}")
+    print(f"New load factr: {table.alpha()}")
+    
+    print("\nInserting value 24...")
+    table.insert(Literal(24))
+    print(f"Hash table after inserting 24: {table}")
+
+    table90 = HashTable(90)
+    seq1Data = MemoryArray.create_array_from_file("data/seq1.txt")
+    
+    print(f"Inserting values from seq1.txt into table with size 90...")
+    insertedCount = Literal(0)
+    for value in seq1Data:
+        if table90.insert(value):
+            insertedCount = insertedCount.succ()
+    
+    print(f"Successfully inserted {insertedCount} out of {Literal(len(seq1Data))} values")
+    print(f"Load factor: {table90.alpha()}")
+    
+    table89 = HashTable(89)
+    
+    print(f"Inserting values from seq1.txt into table with 89...")
+    insertedCount = Literal(0)
+    for value in seq1Data:
+        if table89.insert(value):
+            insertedCount = insertedCount.succ()
+    
+    print(f"Successfully inserted {insertedCount} out of {Literal(len(seq1Data))} values")
+    print(f"Load factor: {table89.alpha()}")
+    
+    tableSymmetric = HashTable(90, probingMethod="symmetric")
+    print(f"Inserting values from seq1.txt into table with size 90 and symmetric probing...")
+    insertedCount = Literal(0)
+    for value in seq1Data:
+        if tableSymmetric.insert(value):
+            insertedCount = insertedCount.succ()
+    
+    print(f"Successfully inserted {insertedCount} out of {Literal(len(seq1Data))} values")
+    print(f"Load factor: {tableSymmetric.alpha()}")
+

schoeffelbe/pr08.py

@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+import logging
+from graphviz import Digraph
+from collections import deque
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+# logging.basicConfig(level=logging.DEBUG)
+
+import time
+
+def timeMS(func, *args, **kwargs):
+    startTime = time.perf_counter()
+    result = func(*args, **kwargs)
+    endTime = time.perf_counter()
+    elapsedMS = (endTime - startTime) * 1000  # Convert to milliseconds
+    print(f"{func.__name__} took {elapsedMS:.2f} ms")
+    return result
+
+from utils.memory_array import MemoryArray
+from utils.memory_cell import MemoryCell
+from utils.literal import Literal
+from utils.memory_range import mrange
+from utils.memory_manager import MemoryManager
+
+class Graph:
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.adjacencyList = {}
+
+    def addEdge(self, node1, node2, bidirectional=True):
+        if node1 not in self.adjacencyList:
+            self.adjacencyList[node1] = []
+        if node2 not in self.adjacencyList:
+            self.adjacencyList[node2] = []
+        self.adjacencyList[node1].append(node2)
+        if bidirectional:
+            self.adjacencyList[node2].append(node1)
+
+    def serialize(self):
+        return self.adjacencyList
+
+    def breadthFirstSearch(self, start, goal, edgesGonePassed = None):
+        if start not in self.adjacencyList or goal not in self.adjacencyList:
+            return None, None
+
+        # Dont want to have a class for this, set suffices
+        visited = set()
+        queue = deque([(start, [start], set())])  # (current_node, path, edgesGoneToGetHere)
+
+        while queue:
+            currentNode, path, edgesGone = queue.popleft()
+
+            if currentNode == goal:
+                return path, edgesGone
+
+            if currentNode not in visited:
+                logger.info(f"visiting {currentNode}")
+                visited.add(currentNode)
+                for neighbor in self.adjacencyList[currentNode]:
+                    edge = (currentNode, neighbor)
+                    # We already went this Edge. Read Part3 as not allowing this to happen
+                    edgeReverse = (neighbor, currentNode)
+                    if neighbor not in visited and (edgesGonePassed is None or edge not in edgesGonePassed) and (edgesGonePassed is None or edgeReverse not in edgesGonePassed):
+                        # Pythonic way of saying neighbour, path no next clear neighbour
+                        # and union of edgesGone with current edge
+                        queue.append((neighbor, path + [neighbor], edgesGone | {edge}))
+
+        return None, None
+
+
+def graphvizify(filePath: str, outputFile: str = 'build/hoehleGraph'):
+    graph = Digraph()
+    graph.attr(rankdir='TB')
+    graph.attr('node', shape='circle', style='filled', fillcolor='lightgray')
+    graph.attr('edge', arrowsize='0.7')
+
+    # Reuse the function to also create our Graph... Waste not want not^^
+    caveGraph = Graph();
+
+    with open(filePath, 'r') as f:
+        for line in f:
+            line = line.strip()
+            delimiter = '<>' if '<>' in line else '>' if '>' in line else None
+            if delimiter:
+                node1, node2 = map(str.strip, line.split(delimiter))
+                node1, node2 = map(lambda x: x.strip('"'), map(str.strip, line.split(delimiter)))
+                graph.edge(f"\"{node1}\"", f"\"{node2}\"", dir='none' if delimiter == '<>' else None)
+                caveGraph.addEdge(node1, node2, (delimiter == '<>'));
+
+    try:
+        graph.render(outputFile, view=True)
+    except Exception as e:
+        print(f"Could not display graph: {e}\n Trying to save without viewing!")
+        try:
+            graph.render(outputFile, view=False)
+            print(f"Your built map should be available here: {outputFile}.pdf")
+        except Exception as e:
+            print(f"Could not save graph file: {e}")
+
+    return caveGraph
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    for filename in [ "data/hoehle.txt", "data/hoehleLarger.txt"]:
+        caveGraph = graphvizify(filename, 'build/hoehleGraph')
+
+        start = "Höhleneingang"
+        goal = "Schatzkammer"
+        shortestPath, edgesGoneInitial = caveGraph.breadthFirstSearch(start, goal)
+        logger.debug(caveGraph.adjacencyList)
+        logger.debug(edgesGoneInitial)
+        
+        if shortestPath:
+            print(f"Shortest path from {start} to {goal} is:")
+            print(" -> ".join(shortestPath))
+        else:
+            print(f"No path found from {start} to {goal}.")
+
+        returnpath, _ = caveGraph.breadthFirstSearch(goal, start, edgesGoneInitial)
+
+        if returnpath:
+            print(f"Shortest path from {goal} to {start} is:")
+            print(" -> ".join(returnpath))
+        else:
+            print("No path back Home found. Good Luck")
+
+    exit(0)

schoeffelbe/pr09.py

@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+import logging
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+with open('2024/data/input16.data') as f:
+# with open('2024/data/input16.example') as f:
+    # Dont need edges, these are irrelevant to us
+    content = [list(line.strip()[1:-1]) for line in f.readlines()[1:-1]]
+
+directions = {'N': (-1, 0), 'E': (0, 1), 'S': (1, 0), 'W': (0, -1)}
+
+start = next((row, col, 'E') for row in range(len(content)) for col in range(len(content[0])) if content[row][col] == 'S')
+end = next((row, col) for row in range(len(content)) for col in range(len(content[0])) if content[row][col] == 'E')
+
+# Python it up^^ (outer loop goes over each cell in grid and continues with non-walls,
+# for each valid cell go over all directions and applies costs dependent on turning)
+graph = { (row, col, dirName): {(row+nextdirRow, col+nextdirCol, nextDir): (0 if dirName == nextDir else 1000) + 1
+    for nextDir, (nextdirRow, nextdirCol) in directions.items()
+    if 0 <= row+nextdirRow < len(content) and 0 <= col+nextdirCol < len(content[0]) and content[row+nextdirRow][col+nextdirCol] != '#'}
+    for row in range(len(content)) for col in range(len(content[0])) if content[row][col] != '#' for dirName in directions }
+
+# Algo
+def dijsktra(graph, start, end):
+    import heapq    # Priority Queue, Do not use own for shorter Code^^
+
+    pq, costs, predecessors = [(0, start)], {node: float('inf') for node in graph}, {node: None for node in graph}
+    costs[start] = 0
+    while pq:
+        cost, node = heapq.heappop(pq)
+        logger.debug(f"Procesing node {node} with current cost {cost}")
+        if node[:2] == end[:2]:  # Stop when reaching the end position, dont care about direction
+            path = []
+            while node:
+                path.append(node)
+                node = predecessors[node]
+            logger.debug(f"Final cost: {cost}")
+            return cost, path[::-1]  # Reverse path to get start-to-end order
+        if cost > costs[node]: continue
+
+        for neighbor, edge_cost in graph[node].items():
+            if (new_cost := cost + edge_cost) < costs[neighbor]:
+                costs[neighbor], predecessors[neighbor] = new_cost, node
+                heapq.heappush(pq, (new_cost, neighbor))
+                logger.debug(f"Relaxing edge {node} -> {neighbor}, edge cost: {edge_cost}, new cost: {new_cost}")
+    return float('inf'), []  # No path found
+
+def drawGraph(content, path=None):
+    # Create copy of grid to overlay graph -> No inPlace Stuff
+    grid = [row[:] for row in content]
+    
+    if path:
+        symbols = {'N': '^', 'E': '>', 'S': 'v', 'W': '<'}
+        for row, col, direction in path:
+            grid[row][col] = symbols[direction]
+    return '\n'.join(''.join(row) for row in grid)
+
+costShortest, shortestPath = dijsktra(graph, start, end)
+print("Shortest path cost:", costShortest)
+print(drawGraph(content, shortestPath))

schoeffelbe/priorityQueue.py

@@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
+from utils.memory_array import MemoryArray
+from utils.memory_cell import MemoryCell
+from utils.literal import Literal
+from utils.constants import MIN_VALUE
+from utils.memory_range import mrange
+
+# Impl of MemoryArray says we cant add our own Datatypes beside Literal and List
+# BUUUUT we can just wrap our Datatype in a List :-)
+# We store them in a MemoryArray internaly tho anyhow so we increment our Counters for the RAM
+class HeapEntry:
+    def __init__(self, item, priority=1):
+        self.data = MemoryArray(Literal(2))
+        # 0: Content, 1: Prio
+        self.data[Literal(0)] = Literal(item)
+        self.data[Literal(1)] = Literal(priority)
+    
+    def getItem(self):
+        return self.data[Literal(0)]
+    
+    def getPriority(self):
+        return self.data[Literal(1)]
+    
+    def setPriority(self, priority):
+        self.data[Literal(1)] = Literal(priority)
+    
+    def __lt__(self, other):
+        if other is None:
+            return True 
+        if isinstance(other, (int, float)):
+            return self.getPriority().value > other
+        return self.getPriority() < other.getPriority()
+    
+    def __gt__(self, other):
+        if other is None:
+            return False 
+        if isinstance(other, (int, float)):
+            return self.getPriority().value < other
+        return self.getPriority() > other.getPriority()
+    
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return self.getPriority() == other.getPriority()
+    
+    def __str__(self):
+        return f"({self.getItem()}, prio={self.getPriority()})"
+
+class PriorityQueue:
+    def __init__(self, max_size : Literal = Literal(100)):
+        self.heap = MemoryArray(max_size) 
+        # Add uninitialized HeapEntry Values so the Adds/Compares do not fail on emtpy stack. 
+        # Would have to switch to MIN_VALUE if we switch what is a "Higher" Prio
+        for i in mrange(max_size.value):
+            self.heap[i].set([HeapEntry(MIN_VALUE, MIN_VALUE)])
+        self.size = MemoryCell(0)
+    
+    def parent(self, i: Literal) -> Literal:
+        return MemoryCell(i.pred()) // Literal(2)
+    
+    def leftChild(self, i: Literal) -> Literal:
+        return MemoryCell(MemoryCell(2) * i) + Literal(1)
+    
+    def rightChild(self, i: Literal) -> Literal:
+        return MemoryCell(MemoryCell(2) * i) + Literal(2)
+    
+    # Swap the Lists -> Therefore get the value which is the List and then Set it again
+    def swap(self, i: Literal, j: Literal):
+        tmp_i = self.heap[i].value
+        tmp_j = self.heap[j].value
+        self.heap[i].set(tmp_j)
+        self.heap[j].set(tmp_i)
+    
+    def maxHeapify(self, i: Literal):
+        left = self.leftChild(i)
+        right = self.rightChild(i)
+        largest = i
+        
+        if left < Literal(self.size.value) and self.heap[left].value[0] > self.heap[largest].value[0]:
+            largest = left
+        
+        if right < Literal(self.size.value) and self.heap[right].value[0] > self.heap[largest].value[0]:
+            largest = right
+        
+        if largest != i:
+            self.swap(i, largest)
+            self.maxHeapify(largest)
+    
+    def insert(self, entry : HeapEntry):
+        if self.size >= self.heap.length():
+            raise IndexError("Heap full")
+        
+        i = self.size
+        self.heap[i].set([entry])
+        
+        while i > Literal(0) and self.heap[self.parent(i)].value[0] < self.heap[i].value[0]:
+            self.swap(i, self.parent(i))
+            i = self.parent(i)
+
+        self.size += Literal(1)
+    
+    def pop(self):
+        if self.isEmpty():
+            raise IndexError("Queue is empty!")
+        
+        max_item = self.heap[Literal(0)].value[0]
+        
+        self.heap[Literal(0)] = self.heap[self.size - Literal(1)]
+        self.size -= Literal(1)
+        
+        self.maxHeapify(Literal(0))
+        
+        return max_item
+    
+    def peek(self):
+        if self.isEmpty():
+            raise IndexError("Queue is empty")
+        return self.heap[Literal(0)].value[0]
+    
+    def isEmpty(self):
+        return self.size == Literal(0)
+    
+    def __len__(self):
+        return self.size
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        entries = []
+        for i in mrange(self.size.value):
+            entry = self.heap[i].value[0]
+            if entry.getItem() != MIN_VALUE:
+                entries.append(str(entry))
+        return "[" + ", ".join(entries) + "]"
+
+def testQueueRandom(number: int):
+    import random
+    import string
+
+    pq = PriorityQueue(Literal(number))
+
+    entries = []
+    for _ in range(number):
+        value = ''.join(random.choices(string.ascii_uppercase + string.digits, k=3))
+        priority = random.randint(1, 100)
+        entry = HeapEntry(value, priority)
+        entries.append(entry)
+        pq.insert(entry)
+
+    print(pq)
+    for entry in entries:
+        print(f"Unprioritized: {entry}")
+
+    while not pq.isEmpty(): 
+        print(pq.pop())
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    # Proof of Concept
+    testEntry = HeapEntry("A", 2)
+    print(testEntry)
+    testArray = MemoryArray([testEntry])
+    print(testArray)
+    print(testArray[Literal(0)])
+
+    # Queue Testing
+    pq = PriorityQueue()
+    try:
+        pq.pop()
+        assert False, "Queue should be empty"
+    except IndexError:
+        pass  
+    assert(pq.isEmpty() and pq.size == Literal(0))
+    entry = HeapEntry("A", 1)
+    pq.insert(entry)
+    assert(not pq.isEmpty() and pq.size == Literal(1))
+    pq.peek()
+    assert(not pq.isEmpty())
+    assert(pq.pop() == HeapEntry("A", 1))
+    assert(pq.isEmpty())
+    pq.insert(HeapEntry("C", 3))
+    pq.insert(HeapEntry("B", 2))
+    pq.insert(HeapEntry("A", 1))
+    assert(pq.size == Literal(3))
+    assert(pq.pop() == HeapEntry("C", 3))
+    assert(pq.pop() == HeapEntry("B", 2))
+    assert(pq.pop() == HeapEntry("A", 1))
+    pq.insert(HeapEntry("A", 1))
+    pq.insert(HeapEntry("C", 3))
+    pq.insert(HeapEntry("B", 2))
+    pq.insert(HeapEntry(42, 4))
+    pq.insert(HeapEntry(42, 1))
+    pq.insert(HeapEntry("C", 2))
+    print(pq)
+    while not pq.isEmpty(): 
+        print(pq.pop())
+
+    testQueueRandom(100)